/dev/mem mmap code was doing memtype reserve/free for a while now.
Recently we added memtype tracking in remap_pfn_range, and /dev/mem mmap
uses it indirectly. So, we don't need seperate tracking in /dev/mem code
any more. That means another ~100 lines of code removed :-).
Signed-off-by: Suresh Siddha <suresh.b.siddha@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com>
LKML-Reference: <20090409212709.085210000@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Fix pat_x_mtrr_type() to use UC_MINUS when the mtrr type return UC. This
is to be consistent with ioremap() and ioremap_nocache() which uses
UC_MINUS.
Consolidate the code such that reserve_memtype() also uses
pat_x_mtrr_type() when the caller doesn't specify any special attribute
(non WB attribute).
Signed-off-by: Suresh Siddha <suresh.b.siddha@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com>
LKML-Reference: <20090409212708.939936000@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
As per SDM, there should not be any aliasing of a WC with any cacheable
type across CPUs. That is if one CPU is changing the identity map
memtype to _WC, no other CPU at the time of this change should not have a
TLB for this page that carries a WB attribute. SDM suggests to make the
page not present. But for that we will have to handle any page faults
that can potentially happen due to these pages being not present.
Other way to deal with this without having any WB mapping is to change
the page first to UC and then to WC. This ensures that we meet the SDM
requirement of no cacheable alais to WC page. This also has same or
lower overhead than marking the page not present and making it present
later.
Signed-off-by: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Suresh Siddha <suresh.b.siddha@intel.com>
LKML-Reference: <20090409212708.797481000@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Handle faults and do proper cleanups in set_memory_*() functions. In
some cases, these functions were not doing proper free on failure paths.
With the changes to tracking memtype of RAM pages in struct page instead
of pat list, we do not need the changes in commits c5e147. This patch
reverts that change.
Signed-off-by: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Suresh Siddha <suresh.b.siddha@intel.com>
LKML-Reference: <20090409212708.653222000@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
To be free of aliasing due to races, set_memory_* interfaces should
follow ordering of reserving, changing memtype to UC/WC, changing
memtype back to WB followed by free.
Signed-off-by: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Suresh Siddha <suresh.b.siddha@intel.com>
LKML-Reference: <20090409212708.512280000@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Change the identity mapping with the requested attribute first, before
we setup the virtual memory mapping with the new requested attribute.
This makes sure that there is no window when identity map'ed attribute
may disagree with ioremap range on the attribute type.
This also avoids doing cpa on the ioremap'ed address twice (first in
ioremap_page_range and then in ioremap_change_attr using vaddr), and
should improve ioremap performance a bit.
Signed-off-by: Suresh Siddha <suresh.b.siddha@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com>
LKML-Reference: <20090409212708.373330000@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
While better than get_user_pages(), the usage of gupf(),
especially the return values and the fact that it can
potentially only partially pin the range, warranted some
documentation.
Signed-off-by: Andy Grover <andy.grover@oracle.com>
Cc: npiggin@suse.de
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
LKML-Reference: <1239320729-3262-1-git-send-email-andy.grover@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
To simplify level irq migration in the presence of interrupt-remapping,
Suresh used a virtual vector (io-apic pin number) to eliminate io-apic
RTE modification. Level triggered interrupt will appear as an edge to
the local apic cpu but still as level to the IO-APIC. So in addition to
do the local apic EOI, it still needs to do IO-APIC directed EOI to clear
the remote IRR bit in the IO-APIC RTE. Pls refer to Suresh's patch for
more details (commit 0280f7c416).
Now interrupt remapping is decoupled from x2apic, it also needs to do the
directed EOI for apic. Otherwise, apic interrupts won't work correctly.
Signed-off-by: Weidong Han <weidong.han@intel.com>
Cc: iommu@lists.linux-foundation.org
Cc: Weidong Han <weidong.han@intel.com>
Cc: suresh.b.siddha@intel.com
Cc: dwmw2@infradead.org
Cc: allen.m.kay@intel.com
LKML-Reference: <1239355037-22856-1-git-send-email-weidong.han@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
It seems by mistake these files got execute permissions so removing it.
Signed-off-by: Jaswinder Singh Rajput <jaswinderrajput@gmail.com>
LKML-Reference: <1239211186.9037.2.camel@ht.satnam>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Now /proc/interrupts of tip tree has new counters:
PLT: Platform interrupts
Format change of output, as like that by commit:
commit 7a81d9a7da
x86: smarten /proc/interrupts output
should be applied to these new counters too.
Signed-off-by: Hidetoshi Seto <seto.hidetoshi@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@novell.com>
LKML-Reference: <49C98DEA.8060208@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impact: restore old behavior
for flat and phys_flat
Signed-off-by: Yinhai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org.
LKML-Reference: <49DCBBF1.8080903@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
* 'core/softlockup' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
softlockup: make DETECT_HUNG_TASK default depend on DETECT_SOFTLOCKUP
softlockup: move 'one' to the softlockup section in sysctl.c
softlockup: ensure the task has been switched out once
softlockup: remove timestamp checking from hung_task
softlockup: convert read_lock in hung_task to rcu_read_lock
softlockup: check all tasks in hung_task
softlockup: remove unused definition for spawn_softlockup_task
softlockup: fix potential race in hung_task when resetting timeout
softlockup: fix to allow compiling with !DETECT_HUNG_TASK
softlockup: decouple hung tasks check from softlockup detection
* 'tracing-fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
branch tracer, intel-iommu: fix build with CONFIG_BRANCH_TRACER=y
branch tracer: Fix for enabling branch profiling makes sparse unusable
ftrace: Correct a text align for event format output
Update /debug/tracing/README
tracing/ftrace: alloc the started cpumask for the trace file
tracing, x86: remove duplicated #include
ftrace: Add check of sched_stopped for probe_sched_wakeup
function-graph: add proper initialization for init task
tracing/ftrace: fix missing include string.h
tracing: fix incorrect return type of ns2usecs()
tracing: remove CALLER_ADDR2 from wakeup tracer
blktrace: fix pdu_len when tracing packet command requests
blktrace: small cleanup in blk_msg_write()
blktrace: NUL-terminate user space messages
tracing: move scripts/trace/power.pl to scripts/tracing/power.pl
* 'irq/threaded' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
genirq: fix devres.o build for GENERIC_HARDIRQS=n
genirq: provide old request_irq() for CONFIG_GENERIC_HARDIRQ=n
genirq: threaded irq handlers review fixups
genirq: add support for threaded interrupts to devres
genirq: add threaded interrupt handler support
Commit c2ec175c39 ("mm: page_mkwrite
change prototype to match fault") exposed a bug in the NFS
implementation of page_mkwrite. We should be returning 0 on success...
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jbarnes/pci-2.6:
PCI: pci_slot: grab refcount on slot's bus
PCI Hotplug: acpiphp: grab refcount on p2p subordinate bus
PCI: allow PCI core hotplug to remove PCI root bus
PCI: Fix oops in pci_vpd_truncate
PCI: don't corrupt enable_cnt when doing manual resource alignment
PCI: annotate pci_rescan_bus as __ref, not __devinit
PCI-IOV: fix missing kernel-doc
PCI: Setup disabled bridges even if buses are added
PCI: SR-IOV quirk for Intel 82576 NIC
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block:
loop: mutex already unlocked in loop_clr_fd()
cfq-iosched: don't let idling interfere with plugging
block: remove unused REQ_UNPLUG
cfq-iosched: kill two unused cfqq flags
cfq-iosched: change dispatch logic to deal with single requests at the time
mflash: initial support
cciss: change to discover first memory BAR
cciss: kernel scan thread for MSA2012
cciss: fix residual count for block pc requests
block: fix inconsistency in I/O stat accounting code
block: elevator quiescing helpers
Impact: Fixes these modes on at least one system
The rewrite of the setup code into C resequenced the font setting and
register reprogramming phases of configuring nonstandard VGA modes
which use 480 scan lines in text mode. However, there exists at least
one board (Micro-Star MS-7383 version 2.0) on which this resequencing
causes an unusable display.
Revert to the original sequencing: set up 480-line mode, install the
font, and then adjust the vertical end register appropriately.
This failure was masked by the fact that the 480-line setup was broken
until checkin 5f64135612 (therefore this
is not a -stable candidate bug fix.)
Reported-by: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com>
The code that enables branch tracing for all (non-constant) branches
plays games with the preprocessor and #define's the C 'if ()' construct
to do tracing.
That's all fine, but it fails for some unusual but valid C code that is
sometimes used in macros, notably by the intel-iommu code:
if (i=drhd->iommu, drhd->ignored) ..
because now the preprocessor complains about multiple arguments to the
'if' macro.
So make the macro expansion of this particularly horrid trick use
varargs, and handle the case of comma-expressions in if-statements. Use
another macro to do it cleanly in just one place.
This replaces a patch by David (and acked by Steven) that did this all
inside that one already-too-horrid macro.
Tested-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tiwai/sound-2.6: (36 commits)
ALSA: hda - Add VREF powerdown sequence for another board
ALSA: oss - volume control for CSWITCH and CROUTE
ALSA: hda - add missing comma in ad1884_slave_vols
sound: usb-audio: allow period sizes less than 1 ms
sound: usb-audio: save data packet interval in audioformat structure
sound: usb-audio: remove check_hw_params_convention()
sound: usb-audio: show sample format width in proc file
ASoC: fsl_dma: Pass the proper device for dma mapping routines
ASoC: Fix null dereference in ak4535_remove()
ALSA: hda - enable SPDIF output for Intel DX58SO board
ALSA: snd-atmel-abdac: increase periods_min to 6 instead of 4
ALSA: snd-atmel-abdac: replace bus_id with dev_name()
ALSA: snd-atmel-ac97c: replace bus_id with dev_name()
ALSA: snd-atmel-ac97c: cleanup registers when removing driver
ALSA: snd-atmel-ac97c: do a proper reset of the external codec
ALSA: snd-atmel-ac97c: enable interrupts to catch events for error reporting
ALSA: snd-atmel-ac97c: set correct size for buffer hardware parameter
ALSA: snd-atmel-ac97c: do not overwrite OCA and ICA when assigning channels
ALSA: snd-atmel-ac97c: remove dead break statements after return in switch case
ALSA: snd-atmel-ac97c: cleanup register definitions
...
* 'i2c-for-2630-v2' of git://aeryn.fluff.org.uk/bjdooks/linux:
i2c: imx: Make disable_delay a per-device variable
i2c: xtensa s6000 i2c driver
powerpc/85xx: i2c-mpc: use new I2C bindings for the Socates board
i2c: i2c-mpc: make I2C bus speed configurable
i2c: i2c-mpc: use dev based printout function
i2c: i2c-mpc: various coding style fixes
i2c: imx: Add missing request_mem_region in probe()
i2c: i2c-s3c2410: Initialise Samsung I2C controller early
i2c-s3c2410: Simplify bus frequency calculation
i2c-s3c2410: sda_delay should be in ns, not clock ticks
i2c: iMX/MXC support
PCI parallel port devices can IRQ share so we should stop them hogging
the line and making a mess on modern PC systems. We know the sharing
side works as the PCMCIA driver has shared the parallel port IRQ for
some time.
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Here are some cleanups, mainly removing unused variables and silly
declarations.
Signed-off-by: Breno Leitao <leitao@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Depend on KGDB_SERIAL_CONSOLE being set to N rather than !Y, since it can
be built as a module.
Signed-off-by: Mike Frysinger <vapier.adi@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Bryan Wu <cooloney@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Both software emulated and hardware based CTS and RTS are enabled in
serial driver.
The CTS RTS PIN connection on BF548 UART port is defined as a modem
device not as a host device. In order to test it under Linux, please
nake a cross UART cable to exchange CTS and RTS signal.
Signed-off-by: Sonic Zhang <sonic.zhang@analog.com>
Signed-off-by: Bryan Wu <cooloney@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Only the CTS bit is affected.
Signed-off-by: Sonic Zhang <sonic.zhang@analog.com>
Signed-off-by: Bryan Wu <cooloney@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
(akpm: queued pending confirmation of the new major number)
[randy.dunlap@oracle.com: select SERIAL_CORE]
Signed-off-by: Christian Pellegrin <chripell@fsfe.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is a low density serial port so needs a real major/minor
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Avoid using port->tty where possible (makes refcount fixing easier
later).
Remove unused code (the ioctl path is not used if the device has
mget/mset functions)
Remove various un-needed typecasts and long names so it could read it to
do the changes.
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Use the new general RS485 Linux data structure (introduced by Alan with
commit number c26c56c0f4) in the Cris
architecture too (currently, Cris still uses the old private data
structure instead of the new one).
Signed-off-by: Claudio Scordino <claudio@evidence.eu.com>
Tested-by: Hinko Kocevar <hinko.kocevar@cetrtapot.si>
Tested-by: Janez Cufer <janez.cufer@cetrtapot.si>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
tty_driver_kref_get() should be static inline and not extern inline
(the latter even changed it's semantics in gcc >= 4.3).
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There's a possible deadlock in generic_file_splice_write(),
splice_from_pipe() and ocfs2_file_splice_write():
- task A calls generic_file_splice_write()
- this calls inode_double_lock(), which locks i_mutex on both
pipe->inode and target inode
- ordering depends on inode pointers, can happen that pipe->inode is
locked first
- __splice_from_pipe() needs more data, calls pipe_wait()
- this releases lock on pipe->inode, goes to interruptible sleep
- task B calls generic_file_splice_write(), similarly to the first
- this locks pipe->inode, then tries to lock inode, but that is
already held by task A
- task A is interrupted, it tries to lock pipe->inode, but fails, as
it is already held by task B
- ABBA deadlock
Fix this by explicitly ordering locks: the outer lock must be on
target inode and the inner lock (which is later unlocked and relocked)
must be on pipe->inode. This is OK, pipe inodes and target inodes
form two nonoverlapping sets, generic_file_splice_write() and friends
are not called with a target which is a pipe.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Acked-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After a review of user's feedback for finding out other compatibility
issues, I found nilfs improperly initializes timestamps in inode;
CURRENT_TIME was used there instead of CURRENT_TIME_SEC even though nilfs
didn't have nanosecond timestamps on disk. A few users gave us the report
that the tar program sometimes failed to expand symbolic links on nilfs,
and it turned out to be the cause.
Instead of applying the above displacement, I've decided to support
nanosecond timestamps on this occation. Fortunetaly, a needless 64-bit
field was in the nilfs_inode struct, and I found it's available for this
purpose without impact for the users.
So, this will do the enhancement and resolve the tar problem.
Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The former versions didn't have extra super blocks. This improves the
weak point by introducing another super block at unused region in tail of
the partition.
This doesn't break disk format compatibility; older versions just ingore
the secondary super block, and new versions just recover it if it doesn't
exist. The partition created by an old mkfs may not have unused region,
but in that case, the secondary super block will not be added.
This doesn't make more redundant copies of the super block; it is a future
work.
Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
will reduce some lines of segment constructor. Previously, the state was
complexly controlled through a list of segments in order to keep
consistency in meta data of usage state of segments. Instead, this
presents ``calculated'' active flags to userland cleaner program and stop
maintaining its real flag on disk.
Only by this fake flag, the cleaner cannot exactly know if each segment is
reclaimable or not. However, the recent extension of nilfs_sustat ioctl
struct (nilfs2-extend-nilfs_sustat-ioctl-struct.patch) can prevent the
cleaner from reclaiming in-use segment wrongly.
So, now I can apply this for simplification.
Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Nilfs creates checkpoints even for garbage collection or metadata updates
such as checkpoint mode change. So, user often sees checkpoints created
only by such internal operations.
This is inconvenient in some situations. For example, application that
monitors checkpoints and changes them to snapshots, will fall into an
infinite loop because it cannot distinguish internally created
checkpoints.
This patch solves this sort of problem by adding a flag to checkpoint for
identification.
Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The sketch file is a file to mark checkpoints with user data. It was
experimentally introduced in the original implementation, and now
obsolete. The file was handled differently with regular files; the file
size got truncated when a checkpoint was created.
This stops the special treatment and will treat it as a regular file.
Most users are not affected because mkfs.nilfs2 no longer makes this file.
Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This adds a missing endian conversion of checksum field in the super
block. This fixes compatibility issue on big endian machines which will
come to surface after supporting recovery of super block.
Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pekka Enberg advised me:
> It would be nice if BUG(), BUG_ON(), and panic() calls would be
> converted to proper error handling using WARN_ON() calls. The BUG()
> call in nilfs_cpfile_delete_checkpoints(), for example, looks to be
> triggerable from user-space via the ioctl() system call.
This will follow the comment and keep them to a minimum.
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This adds a new argument to the nilfs_sustat structure.
The extended field allows to delete volatile active state of segments,
which was needed to protect freshly-created segments from garbage
collection but has confused code dealing with segments. This
extension alleviates the mess and gives room for further
simplifications.
The volatile active flag is not persistent, so it's eliminable on this
occasion without affecting compatibility other than the ioctl change.
Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pekka Enberg suggested converting ->ioctl operations to use
->unlocked_ioctl to avoid BKL.
The conversion was verified to be safe, so I will take it on this
occasion.
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This removes compat code from the nilfs ioctls and applies the same
function for both .ioctl and .compat_ioctl file operations.
Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>