linux/drivers/lguest/page_tables.c

/*P:700
 * The pagetable code, on the other hand, still shows the scars of
 * previous encounters.  It's functional, and as neat as it can be in the
 * circumstances, but be wary, for these things are subtle and break easily.
 * The Guest provides a virtual to physical mapping, but we can neither trust
 * it nor use it: we verify and convert it here then point the CPU to the
 * converted Guest pages when running the Guest.
:*/

/* Copyright (C) Rusty Russell IBM Corporation 2006.
 * GPL v2 and any later version */
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/random.h>
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/bootparam.h>
#include "lg.h"

/*M:008
 * We hold reference to pages, which prevents them from being swapped.
 * It'd be nice to have a callback in the "struct mm_struct" when Linux wants
 * to swap out.  If we had this, and a shrinker callback to trim PTE pages, we
 * could probably consider launching Guests as non-root.
:*/

/*H:300
 * The Page Table Code
 *
 * We use two-level page tables for the Guest, or three-level with PAE.  If
 * you're not entirely comfortable with virtual addresses, physical addresses
 * and page tables then I recommend you review arch/x86/lguest/boot.c's "Page
 * Table Handling" (with diagrams!).
 *
 * The Guest keeps page tables, but we maintain the actual ones here: these are
 * called "shadow" page tables.  Which is a very Guest-centric name: these are
 * the real page tables the CPU uses, although we keep them up to date to
 * reflect the Guest's.  (See what I mean about weird naming?  Since when do
 * shadows reflect anything?)
 *
 * Anyway, this is the most complicated part of the Host code.  There are seven
 * parts to this:
 *  (i) Looking up a page table entry when the Guest faults,
 *  (ii) Making sure the Guest stack is mapped,
 *  (iii) Setting up a page table entry when the Guest tells us one has changed,
 *  (iv) Switching page tables,
 *  (v) Flushing (throwing away) page tables,
 *  (vi) Mapping the Switcher when the Guest is about to run,
 *  (vii) Setting up the page tables initially.
:*/

/*
 * The Switcher uses the complete top PTE page.  That's 1024 PTE entries (4MB)
 * or 512 PTE entries with PAE (2MB).
 */
#define SWITCHER_PGD_INDEX (PTRS_PER_PGD - 1)

/*
 * For PAE we need the PMD index as well. We use the last 2MB, so we
 * will need the last pmd entry of the last pmd page.
 */
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
#define SWITCHER_PMD_INDEX 	(PTRS_PER_PMD - 1)
#define RESERVE_MEM 		2U
#define CHECK_GPGD_MASK		_PAGE_PRESENT
#else
#define RESERVE_MEM 		4U
#define CHECK_GPGD_MASK		_PAGE_TABLE
#endif

/*
 * We actually need a separate PTE page for each CPU.  Remember that after the
 * Switcher code itself comes two pages for each CPU, and we don't want this
 * CPU's guest to see the pages of any other CPU.
 */
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(pte_t *, switcher_pte_pages);
#define switcher_pte_page(cpu) per_cpu(switcher_pte_pages, cpu)

/*H:320
 * The page table code is curly enough to need helper functions to keep it
 * clear and clean.  The kernel itself provides many of them; one advantage
 * of insisting that the Guest and Host use the same CONFIG_PAE setting.
 *
 * There are two functions which return pointers to the shadow (aka "real")
 * page tables.
 *
 * spgd_addr() takes the virtual address and returns a pointer to the top-level
 * page directory entry (PGD) for that address.  Since we keep track of several
 * page tables, the "i" argument tells us which one we're interested in (it's
 * usually the current one).
 */
static pgd_t *spgd_addr(struct lg_cpu *cpu, u32 i, unsigned long vaddr)
{
	unsigned int index = pgd_index(vaddr);

#ifndef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	/* We kill any Guest trying to touch the Switcher addresses. */
	if (index >= SWITCHER_PGD_INDEX) {
		kill_guest(cpu, "attempt to access switcher pages");
		index = 0;
	}
#endif
	/* Return a pointer index'th pgd entry for the i'th page table. */
	return &cpu->lg->pgdirs[i].pgdir[index];
}

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
/*
 * This routine then takes the PGD entry given above, which contains the
 * address of the PMD page.  It then returns a pointer to the PMD entry for the
 * given address.
 */
static pmd_t *spmd_addr(struct lg_cpu *cpu, pgd_t spgd, unsigned long vaddr)
{
	unsigned int index = pmd_index(vaddr);
	pmd_t *page;

	/* We kill any Guest trying to touch the Switcher addresses. */
	if (pgd_index(vaddr) == SWITCHER_PGD_INDEX &&
					index >= SWITCHER_PMD_INDEX) {
		kill_guest(cpu, "attempt to access switcher pages");
		index = 0;
	}

	/* You should never call this if the PGD entry wasn't valid */
	BUG_ON(!(pgd_flags(spgd) & _PAGE_PRESENT));
	page = __va(pgd_pfn(spgd) << PAGE_SHIFT);

	return &page[index];
}
#endif

/*
 * This routine then takes the page directory entry returned above, which
 * contains the address of the page table entry (PTE) page.  It then returns a
 * pointer to the PTE entry for the given address.
 */
static pte_t *spte_addr(struct lg_cpu *cpu, pgd_t spgd, unsigned long vaddr)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	pmd_t *pmd = spmd_addr(cpu, spgd, vaddr);
	pte_t *page = __va(pmd_pfn(*pmd) << PAGE_SHIFT);

	/* You should never call this if the PMD entry wasn't valid */
	BUG_ON(!(pmd_flags(*pmd) & _PAGE_PRESENT));
#else
	pte_t *page = __va(pgd_pfn(spgd) << PAGE_SHIFT);
	/* You should never call this if the PGD entry wasn't valid */
	BUG_ON(!(pgd_flags(spgd) & _PAGE_PRESENT));
#endif

	return &page[pte_index(vaddr)];
}

/*
 * These functions are just like the above two, except they access the Guest
 * page tables.  Hence they return a Guest address.
 */
static unsigned long gpgd_addr(struct lg_cpu *cpu, unsigned long vaddr)
{
	unsigned int index = vaddr >> (PGDIR_SHIFT);
	return cpu->lg->pgdirs[cpu->cpu_pgd].gpgdir + index * sizeof(pgd_t);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
/* Follow the PGD to the PMD. */
static unsigned long gpmd_addr(pgd_t gpgd, unsigned long vaddr)
{
	unsigned long gpage = pgd_pfn(gpgd) << PAGE_SHIFT;
	BUG_ON(!(pgd_flags(gpgd) & _PAGE_PRESENT));
	return gpage + pmd_index(vaddr) * sizeof(pmd_t);
}

/* Follow the PMD to the PTE. */
static unsigned long gpte_addr(struct lg_cpu *cpu,
			       pmd_t gpmd, unsigned long vaddr)
{
	unsigned long gpage = pmd_pfn(gpmd) << PAGE_SHIFT;

	BUG_ON(!(pmd_flags(gpmd) & _PAGE_PRESENT));
	return gpage + pte_index(vaddr) * sizeof(pte_t);
}
#else
/* Follow the PGD to the PTE (no mid-level for !PAE). */
static unsigned long gpte_addr(struct lg_cpu *cpu,
				pgd_t gpgd, unsigned long vaddr)
{
	unsigned long gpage = pgd_pfn(gpgd) << PAGE_SHIFT;

	BUG_ON(!(pgd_flags(gpgd) & _PAGE_PRESENT));
	return gpage + pte_index(vaddr) * sizeof(pte_t);
}
#endif
/*:*/

/*M:014
 * get_pfn is slow: we could probably try to grab batches of pages here as
 * an optimization (ie. pre-faulting).
:*/

/*H:350
 * This routine takes a page number given by the Guest and converts it to
 * an actual, physical page number.  It can fail for several reasons: the
 * virtual address might not be mapped by the Launcher, the write flag is set
 * and the page is read-only, or the write flag was set and the page was
 * shared so had to be copied, but we ran out of memory.
 *
 * This holds a reference to the page, so release_pte() is careful to put that
 * back.
 */
static unsigned long get_pfn(unsigned long virtpfn, int write)
{
	struct page *page;

	/* gup me one page at this address please! */
	if (get_user_pages_fast(virtpfn << PAGE_SHIFT, 1, write, &page) == 1)
		return page_to_pfn(page);

	/* This value indicates failure. */
	return -1UL;
}

/*H:340
 * Converting a Guest page table entry to a shadow (ie. real) page table
 * entry can be a little tricky.  The flags are (almost) the same, but the
 * Guest PTE contains a virtual page number: the CPU needs the real page
 * number.
 */
static pte_t gpte_to_spte(struct lg_cpu *cpu, pte_t gpte, int write)
{
	unsigned long pfn, base, flags;

	/*
	 * The Guest sets the global flag, because it thinks that it is using
	 * PGE.  We only told it to use PGE so it would tell us whether it was
	 * flushing a kernel mapping or a userspace mapping.  We don't actually
	 * use the global bit, so throw it away.
	 */
	flags = (pte_flags(gpte) & ~_PAGE_GLOBAL);

	/* The Guest's pages are offset inside the Launcher. */
	base = (unsigned long)cpu->lg->mem_base / PAGE_SIZE;

	/*
	 * We need a temporary "unsigned long" variable to hold the answer from
	 * get_pfn(), because it returns 0xFFFFFFFF on failure, which wouldn't
	 * fit in spte.pfn.  get_pfn() finds the real physical number of the
	 * page, given the virtual number.
	 */
	pfn = get_pfn(base + pte_pfn(gpte), write);
	if (pfn == -1UL) {
		kill_guest(cpu, "failed to get page %lu", pte_pfn(gpte));
		/*
		 * When we destroy the Guest, we'll go through the shadow page
		 * tables and release_pte() them.  Make sure we don't think
		 * this one is valid!
		 */
		flags = 0;
	}
	/* Now we assemble our shadow PTE from the page number and flags. */
	return pfn_pte(pfn, __pgprot(flags));
}

/*H:460 And to complete the chain, release_pte() looks like this: */
static void release_pte(pte_t pte)
{
	/*
	 * Remember that get_user_pages_fast() took a reference to the page, in
	 * get_pfn()?  We have to put it back now.
	 */
	if (pte_flags(pte) & _PAGE_PRESENT)
		put_page(pte_page(pte));
}
/*:*/

static void check_gpte(struct lg_cpu *cpu, pte_t gpte)
{
	if ((pte_flags(gpte) & _PAGE_PSE) ||
	    pte_pfn(gpte) >= cpu->lg->pfn_limit)
		kill_guest(cpu, "bad page table entry");
}

static void check_gpgd(struct lg_cpu *cpu, pgd_t gpgd)
{
	if ((pgd_flags(gpgd) & ~CHECK_GPGD_MASK) ||
	   (pgd_pfn(gpgd) >= cpu->lg->pfn_limit))
		kill_guest(cpu, "bad page directory entry");
}

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
static void check_gpmd(struct lg_cpu *cpu, pmd_t gpmd)
{
	if ((pmd_flags(gpmd) & ~_PAGE_TABLE) ||
	   (pmd_pfn(gpmd) >= cpu->lg->pfn_limit))
		kill_guest(cpu, "bad page middle directory entry");
}
#endif

/*H:330
 * (i) Looking up a page table entry when the Guest faults.
 *
 * We saw this call in run_guest(): when we see a page fault in the Guest, we
 * come here.  That's because we only set up the shadow page tables lazily as
 * they're needed, so we get page faults all the time and quietly fix them up
 * and return to the Guest without it knowing.
 *
 * If we fixed up the fault (ie. we mapped the address), this routine returns
 * true.  Otherwise, it was a real fault and we need to tell the Guest.
 */
bool demand_page(struct lg_cpu *cpu, unsigned long vaddr, int errcode)
{
	pgd_t gpgd;
	pgd_t *spgd;
	unsigned long gpte_ptr;
	pte_t gpte;
	pte_t *spte;

	/* Mid level for PAE. */
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	pmd_t *spmd;
	pmd_t gpmd;
#endif

	/* First step: get the top-level Guest page table entry. */
	gpgd = lgread(cpu, gpgd_addr(cpu, vaddr), pgd_t);
	/* Toplevel not present?  We can't map it in. */
	if (!(pgd_flags(gpgd) & _PAGE_PRESENT))
		return false;

	/* Now look at the matching shadow entry. */
	spgd = spgd_addr(cpu, cpu->cpu_pgd, vaddr);
	if (!(pgd_flags(*spgd) & _PAGE_PRESENT)) {
		/* No shadow entry: allocate a new shadow PTE page. */
		unsigned long ptepage = get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL);
		/*
		 * This is not really the Guest's fault, but killing it is
		 * simple for this corner case.
		 */
		if (!ptepage) {
			kill_guest(cpu, "out of memory allocating pte page");
			return false;
		}
		/* We check that the Guest pgd is OK. */
		check_gpgd(cpu, gpgd);
		/*
		 * And we copy the flags to the shadow PGD entry.  The page
		 * number in the shadow PGD is the page we just allocated.
		 */
		set_pgd(spgd, __pgd(__pa(ptepage) | pgd_flags(gpgd)));
	}

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	gpmd = lgread(cpu, gpmd_addr(gpgd, vaddr), pmd_t);
	/* Middle level not present?  We can't map it in. */
	if (!(pmd_flags(gpmd) & _PAGE_PRESENT))
		return false;

	/* Now look at the matching shadow entry. */
	spmd = spmd_addr(cpu, *spgd, vaddr);

	if (!(pmd_flags(*spmd) & _PAGE_PRESENT)) {
		/* No shadow entry: allocate a new shadow PTE page. */
		unsigned long ptepage = get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL);

		/*
		 * This is not really the Guest's fault, but killing it is
		 * simple for this corner case.
		 */
		if (!ptepage) {
			kill_guest(cpu, "out of memory allocating pte page");
			return false;
		}

		/* We check that the Guest pmd is OK. */
		check_gpmd(cpu, gpmd);

		/*
		 * And we copy the flags to the shadow PMD entry.  The page
		 * number in the shadow PMD is the page we just allocated.
		 */
		set_pmd(spmd, __pmd(__pa(ptepage) | pmd_flags(gpmd)));
	}

	/*
	 * OK, now we look at the lower level in the Guest page table: keep its
	 * address, because we might update it later.
	 */
	gpte_ptr = gpte_addr(cpu, gpmd, vaddr);
#else
	/*
	 * OK, now we look at the lower level in the Guest page table: keep its
	 * address, because we might update it later.
	 */
	gpte_ptr = gpte_addr(cpu, gpgd, vaddr);
#endif

	/* Read the actual PTE value. */
	gpte = lgread(cpu, gpte_ptr, pte_t);

	/* If this page isn't in the Guest page tables, we can't page it in. */
	if (!(pte_flags(gpte) & _PAGE_PRESENT))
		return false;

	/*
	 * Check they're not trying to write to a page the Guest wants
	 * read-only (bit 2 of errcode == write).
	 */
	if ((errcode & 2) && !(pte_flags(gpte) & _PAGE_RW))
		return false;

	/* User access to a kernel-only page? (bit 3 == user access) */
	if ((errcode & 4) && !(pte_flags(gpte) & _PAGE_USER))
		return false;

	/*
	 * Check that the Guest PTE flags are OK, and the page number is below
	 * the pfn_limit (ie. not mapping the Launcher binary).
	 */
	check_gpte(cpu, gpte);

	/* Add the _PAGE_ACCESSED and (for a write) _PAGE_DIRTY flag */
	gpte = pte_mkyoung(gpte);
	if (errcode & 2)
		gpte = pte_mkdirty(gpte);

	/* Get the pointer to the shadow PTE entry we're going to set. */
	spte = spte_addr(cpu, *spgd, vaddr);

	/*
	 * If there was a valid shadow PTE entry here before, we release it.
	 * This can happen with a write to a previously read-only entry.
	 */
	release_pte(*spte);

	/*
	 * If this is a write, we insist that the Guest page is writable (the
	 * final arg to gpte_to_spte()).
	 */
	if (pte_dirty(gpte))
		*spte = gpte_to_spte(cpu, gpte, 1);
	else
		/*
		 * If this is a read, don't set the "writable" bit in the page
		 * table entry, even if the Guest says it's writable.  That way
		 * we will come back here when a write does actually occur, so
		 * we can update the Guest's _PAGE_DIRTY flag.
		 */
		set_pte(spte, gpte_to_spte(cpu, pte_wrprotect(gpte), 0));

	/*
	 * Finally, we write the Guest PTE entry back: we've set the
	 * _PAGE_ACCESSED and maybe the _PAGE_DIRTY flags.
	 */
	lgwrite(cpu, gpte_ptr, pte_t, gpte);

	/*
	 * The fault is fixed, the page table is populated, the mapping
	 * manipulated, the result returned and the code complete.  A small
	 * delay and a trace of alliteration are the only indications the Guest
	 * has that a page fault occurred at all.
	 */
	return true;
}

/*H:360
 * (ii) Making sure the Guest stack is mapped.
 *
 * Remember that direct traps into the Guest need a mapped Guest kernel stack.
 * pin_stack_pages() calls us here: we could simply call demand_page(), but as
 * we've seen that logic is quite long, and usually the stack pages are already
 * mapped, so it's overkill.
 *
 * This is a quick version which answers the question: is this virtual address
 * mapped by the shadow page tables, and is it writable?
 */
static bool page_writable(struct lg_cpu *cpu, unsigned long vaddr)
{
	pgd_t *spgd;
	unsigned long flags;

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	pmd_t *spmd;
#endif
	/* Look at the current top level entry: is it present? */
	spgd = spgd_addr(cpu, cpu->cpu_pgd, vaddr);
	if (!(pgd_flags(*spgd) & _PAGE_PRESENT))
		return false;

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	spmd = spmd_addr(cpu, *spgd, vaddr);
	if (!(pmd_flags(*spmd) & _PAGE_PRESENT))
		return false;
#endif

	/*
	 * Check the flags on the pte entry itself: it must be present and
	 * writable.
	 */
	flags = pte_flags(*(spte_addr(cpu, *spgd, vaddr)));

	return (flags & (_PAGE_PRESENT|_PAGE_RW)) == (_PAGE_PRESENT|_PAGE_RW);
}

/*
 * So, when pin_stack_pages() asks us to pin a page, we check if it's already
 * in the page tables, and if not, we call demand_page() with error code 2
 * (meaning "write").
 */
void pin_page(struct lg_cpu *cpu, unsigned long vaddr)
{
	if (!page_writable(cpu, vaddr) && !demand_page(cpu, vaddr, 2))
		kill_guest(cpu, "bad stack page %#lx", vaddr);
}
/*:*/

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
static void release_pmd(pmd_t *spmd)
{
	/* If the entry's not present, there's nothing to release. */
	if (pmd_flags(*spmd) & _PAGE_PRESENT) {
		unsigned int i;
		pte_t *ptepage = __va(pmd_pfn(*spmd) << PAGE_SHIFT);
		/* For each entry in the page, we might need to release it. */
		for (i = 0; i < PTRS_PER_PTE; i++)
			release_pte(ptepage[i]);
		/* Now we can free the page of PTEs */
		free_page((long)ptepage);
		/* And zero out the PMD entry so we never release it twice. */
		set_pmd(spmd, __pmd(0));
	}
}

static void release_pgd(pgd_t *spgd)
{
	/* If the entry's not present, there's nothing to release. */
	if (pgd_flags(*spgd) & _PAGE_PRESENT) {
		unsigned int i;
		pmd_t *pmdpage = __va(pgd_pfn(*spgd) << PAGE_SHIFT);

		for (i = 0; i < PTRS_PER_PMD; i++)
			release_pmd(&pmdpage[i]);

		/* Now we can free the page of PMDs */
		free_page((long)pmdpage);
		/* And zero out the PGD entry so we never release it twice. */
		set_pgd(spgd, __pgd(0));
	}
}

#else /* !CONFIG_X86_PAE */
/*H:450
 * If we chase down the release_pgd() code, the non-PAE version looks like
 * this.  The PAE version is almost identical, but instead of calling
 * release_pte it calls release_pmd(), which looks much like this.
 */
static void release_pgd(pgd_t *spgd)
{
	/* If the entry's not present, there's nothing to release. */
	if (pgd_flags(*spgd) & _PAGE_PRESENT) {
		unsigned int i;
		/*
		 * Converting the pfn to find the actual PTE page is easy: turn
		 * the page number into a physical address, then convert to a
		 * virtual address (easy for kernel pages like this one).
		 */
		pte_t *ptepage = __va(pgd_pfn(*spgd) << PAGE_SHIFT);
		/* For each entry in the page, we might need to release it. */
		for (i = 0; i < PTRS_PER_PTE; i++)
			release_pte(ptepage[i]);
		/* Now we can free the page of PTEs */
		free_page((long)ptepage);
		/* And zero out the PGD entry so we never release it twice. */
		*spgd = __pgd(0);
	}
}
#endif

/*H:445
 * We saw flush_user_mappings() twice: once from the flush_user_mappings()
 * hypercall and once in new_pgdir() when we re-used a top-level pgdir page.
 * It simply releases every PTE page from 0 up to the Guest's kernel address.
 */
static void flush_user_mappings(struct lguest *lg, int idx)
{
	unsigned int i;
	/* Release every pgd entry up to the kernel's address. */
	for (i = 0; i < pgd_index(lg->kernel_address); i++)
		release_pgd(lg->pgdirs[idx].pgdir + i);
}

/*H:440
 * (v) Flushing (throwing away) page tables,
 *
 * The Guest has a hypercall to throw away the page tables: it's used when a
 * large number of mappings have been changed.
 */
void guest_pagetable_flush_user(struct lg_cpu *cpu)
{
	/* Drop the userspace part of the current page table. */
	flush_user_mappings(cpu->lg, cpu->cpu_pgd);
}
/*:*/

/* We walk down the guest page tables to get a guest-physical address */
unsigned long guest_pa(struct lg_cpu *cpu, unsigned long vaddr)
{
	pgd_t gpgd;
	pte_t gpte;
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	pmd_t gpmd;
#endif
	/* First step: get the top-level Guest page table entry. */
	gpgd = lgread(cpu, gpgd_addr(cpu, vaddr), pgd_t);
	/* Toplevel not present?  We can't map it in. */
	if (!(pgd_flags(gpgd) & _PAGE_PRESENT)) {
		kill_guest(cpu, "Bad address %#lx", vaddr);
		return -1UL;
	}

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	gpmd = lgread(cpu, gpmd_addr(gpgd, vaddr), pmd_t);
	if (!(pmd_flags(gpmd) & _PAGE_PRESENT))
		kill_guest(cpu, "Bad address %#lx", vaddr);
	gpte = lgread(cpu, gpte_addr(cpu, gpmd, vaddr), pte_t);
#else
	gpte = lgread(cpu, gpte_addr(cpu, gpgd, vaddr), pte_t);
#endif
	if (!(pte_flags(gpte) & _PAGE_PRESENT))
		kill_guest(cpu, "Bad address %#lx", vaddr);

	return pte_pfn(gpte) * PAGE_SIZE | (vaddr & ~PAGE_MASK);
}

/*
 * We keep several page tables.  This is a simple routine to find the page
 * table (if any) corresponding to this top-level address the Guest has given
 * us.
 */
static unsigned int find_pgdir(struct lguest *lg, unsigned long pgtable)
{
	unsigned int i;
	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(lg->pgdirs); i++)
		if (lg->pgdirs[i].pgdir && lg->pgdirs[i].gpgdir == pgtable)
			break;
	return i;
}

/*H:435
 * And this is us, creating the new page directory.  If we really do
 * allocate a new one (and so the kernel parts are not there), we set
 * blank_pgdir.
 */
static unsigned int new_pgdir(struct lg_cpu *cpu,
			      unsigned long gpgdir,
			      int *blank_pgdir)
{
	unsigned int next;
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	pmd_t *pmd_table;
#endif

	/*
	 * We pick one entry at random to throw out.  Choosing the Least
	 * Recently Used might be better, but this is easy.
	 */
	next = random32() % ARRAY_SIZE(cpu->lg->pgdirs);
	/* If it's never been allocated at all before, try now. */
	if (!cpu->lg->pgdirs[next].pgdir) {
		cpu->lg->pgdirs[next].pgdir =
					(pgd_t *)get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL);
		/* If the allocation fails, just keep using the one we have */
		if (!cpu->lg->pgdirs[next].pgdir)
			next = cpu->cpu_pgd;
		else {
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
			/*
			 * In PAE mode, allocate a pmd page and populate the
			 * last pgd entry.
			 */
			pmd_table = (pmd_t *)get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL);
			if (!pmd_table) {
				free_page((long)cpu->lg->pgdirs[next].pgdir);
				set_pgd(cpu->lg->pgdirs[next].pgdir, __pgd(0));
				next = cpu->cpu_pgd;
			} else {
				set_pgd(cpu->lg->pgdirs[next].pgdir +
					SWITCHER_PGD_INDEX,
					__pgd(__pa(pmd_table) | _PAGE_PRESENT));
				/*
				 * This is a blank page, so there are no kernel
				 * mappings: caller must map the stack!
				 */
				*blank_pgdir = 1;
			}
#else
			*blank_pgdir = 1;
#endif
		}
	}
	/* Record which Guest toplevel this shadows. */
	cpu->lg->pgdirs[next].gpgdir = gpgdir;
	/* Release all the non-kernel mappings. */
	flush_user_mappings(cpu->lg, next);

	return next;
}

/*H:430
 * (iv) Switching page tables
 *
 * Now we've seen all the page table setting and manipulation, let's see
 * what happens when the Guest changes page tables (ie. changes the top-level
 * pgdir).  This occurs on almost every context switch.
 */
void guest_new_pagetable(struct lg_cpu *cpu, unsigned long pgtable)
{
	int newpgdir, repin = 0;

	/* Look to see if we have this one already. */
	newpgdir = find_pgdir(cpu->lg, pgtable);
	/*
	 * If not, we allocate or mug an existing one: if it's a fresh one,
	 * repin gets set to 1.
	 */
	if (newpgdir == ARRAY_SIZE(cpu->lg->pgdirs))
		newpgdir = new_pgdir(cpu, pgtable, &repin);
	/* Change the current pgd index to the new one. */
	cpu->cpu_pgd = newpgdir;
	/* If it was completely blank, we map in the Guest kernel stack */
	if (repin)
		pin_stack_pages(cpu);
}

/*H:470
 * Finally, a routine which throws away everything: all PGD entries in all
 * the shadow page tables, including the Guest's kernel mappings.  This is used
 * when we destroy the Guest.
 */
static void release_all_pagetables(struct lguest *lg)
{
	unsigned int i, j;

	/* Every shadow pagetable this Guest has */
	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(lg->pgdirs); i++)
		if (lg->pgdirs[i].pgdir) {
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
			pgd_t *spgd;
			pmd_t *pmdpage;
			unsigned int k;

			/* Get the last pmd page. */
			spgd = lg->pgdirs[i].pgdir + SWITCHER_PGD_INDEX;
			pmdpage = __va(pgd_pfn(*spgd) << PAGE_SHIFT);

			/*
			 * And release the pmd entries of that pmd page,
			 * except for the switcher pmd.
			 */
			for (k = 0; k < SWITCHER_PMD_INDEX; k++)
				release_pmd(&pmdpage[k]);
#endif
			/* Every PGD entry except the Switcher at the top */
			for (j = 0; j < SWITCHER_PGD_INDEX; j++)
				release_pgd(lg->pgdirs[i].pgdir + j);
		}
}

/*
 * We also throw away everything when a Guest tells us it's changed a kernel
 * mapping.  Since kernel mappings are in every page table, it's easiest to
 * throw them all away.  This traps the Guest in amber for a while as
 * everything faults back in, but it's rare.
 */
void guest_pagetable_clear_all(struct lg_cpu *cpu)
{
	release_all_pagetables(cpu->lg);
	/* We need the Guest kernel stack mapped again. */
	pin_stack_pages(cpu);
}
/*:*/

/*M:009
 * Since we throw away all mappings when a kernel mapping changes, our
 * performance sucks for guests using highmem.  In fact, a guest with
 * PAGE_OFFSET 0xc0000000 (the default) and more than about 700MB of RAM is
 * usually slower than a Guest with less memory.
 *
 * This, of course, cannot be fixed.  It would take some kind of... well, I
 * don't know, but the term "puissant code-fu" comes to mind.
:*/

/*H:420
 * This is the routine which actually sets the page table entry for then
 * "idx"'th shadow page table.
 *
 * Normally, we can just throw out the old entry and replace it with 0: if they
 * use it demand_page() will put the new entry in.  We need to do this anyway:
 * The Guest expects _PAGE_ACCESSED to be set on its PTE the first time a page
 * is read from, and _PAGE_DIRTY when it's written to.
 *
 * But Avi Kivity pointed out that most Operating Systems (Linux included) set
 * these bits on PTEs immediately anyway.  This is done to save the CPU from
 * having to update them, but it helps us the same way: if they set
 * _PAGE_ACCESSED then we can put a read-only PTE entry in immediately, and if
 * they set _PAGE_DIRTY then we can put a writable PTE entry in immediately.
 */
static void do_set_pte(struct lg_cpu *cpu, int idx,
		       unsigned long vaddr, pte_t gpte)
{
	/* Look up the matching shadow page directory entry. */
	pgd_t *spgd = spgd_addr(cpu, idx, vaddr);
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	pmd_t *spmd;
#endif

	/* If the top level isn't present, there's no entry to update. */
	if (pgd_flags(*spgd) & _PAGE_PRESENT) {
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
		spmd = spmd_addr(cpu, *spgd, vaddr);
		if (pmd_flags(*spmd) & _PAGE_PRESENT) {
#endif
			/* Otherwise, start by releasing the existing entry. */
			pte_t *spte = spte_addr(cpu, *spgd, vaddr);
			release_pte(*spte);

			/*
			 * If they're setting this entry as dirty or accessed,
			 * we might as well put that entry they've given us in
			 * now.  This shaves 10% off a copy-on-write
			 * micro-benchmark.
			 */
			if (pte_flags(gpte) & (_PAGE_DIRTY | _PAGE_ACCESSED)) {
				check_gpte(cpu, gpte);
				set_pte(spte,
					gpte_to_spte(cpu, gpte,
						pte_flags(gpte) & _PAGE_DIRTY));
			} else {
				/*
				 * Otherwise kill it and we can demand_page()
				 * it in later.
				 */
				set_pte(spte, __pte(0));
			}
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
		}
#endif
	}
}

/*H:410
 * Updating a PTE entry is a little trickier.
 *
 * We keep track of several different page tables (the Guest uses one for each
 * process, so it makes sense to cache at least a few).  Each of these have
 * identical kernel parts: ie. every mapping above PAGE_OFFSET is the same for
 * all processes.  So when the page table above that address changes, we update
 * all the page tables, not just the current one.  This is rare.
 *
 * The benefit is that when we have to track a new page table, we can keep all
 * the kernel mappings.  This speeds up context switch immensely.
 */
void guest_set_pte(struct lg_cpu *cpu,
		   unsigned long gpgdir, unsigned long vaddr, pte_t gpte)
{
	/*
	 * Kernel mappings must be changed on all top levels.  Slow, but doesn't
	 * happen often.
	 */
	if (vaddr >= cpu->lg->kernel_address) {
		unsigned int i;
		for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(cpu->lg->pgdirs); i++)
			if (cpu->lg->pgdirs[i].pgdir)
				do_set_pte(cpu, i, vaddr, gpte);
	} else {
		/* Is this page table one we have a shadow for? */
		int pgdir = find_pgdir(cpu->lg, gpgdir);
		if (pgdir != ARRAY_SIZE(cpu->lg->pgdirs))
			/* If so, do the update. */
			do_set_pte(cpu, pgdir, vaddr, gpte);
	}
}

/*H:400
 * (iii) Setting up a page table entry when the Guest tells us one has changed.
 *
 * Just like we did in interrupts_and_traps.c, it makes sense for us to deal
 * with the other side of page tables while we're here: what happens when the
 * Guest asks for a page table to be updated?
 *
 * We already saw that demand_page() will fill in the shadow page tables when
 * needed, so we can simply remove shadow page table entries whenever the Guest
 * tells us they've changed.  When the Guest tries to use the new entry it will
 * fault and demand_page() will fix it up.
 *
 * So with that in mind here's our code to update a (top-level) PGD entry:
 */
void guest_set_pgd(struct lguest *lg, unsigned long gpgdir, u32 idx)
{
	int pgdir;

	if (idx >= SWITCHER_PGD_INDEX)
		return;

	/* If they're talking about a page table we have a shadow for... */
	pgdir = find_pgdir(lg, gpgdir);
	if (pgdir < ARRAY_SIZE(lg->pgdirs))
		/* ... throw it away. */
		release_pgd(lg->pgdirs[pgdir].pgdir + idx);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
/* For setting a mid-level, we just throw everything away.  It's easy. */
void guest_set_pmd(struct lguest *lg, unsigned long pmdp, u32 idx)
{
	guest_pagetable_clear_all(&lg->cpus[0]);
}
#endif

/*H:505
 * To get through boot, we construct simple identity page mappings (which
 * set virtual == physical) and linear mappings which will get the Guest far
 * enough into the boot to create its own.  The linear mapping means we
 * simplify the Guest boot, but it makes assumptions about their PAGE_OFFSET,
 * as you'll see.
 *
 * We lay them out of the way, just below the initrd (which is why we need to
 * know its size here).
 */
static unsigned long setup_pagetables(struct lguest *lg,
				      unsigned long mem,
				      unsigned long initrd_size)
{
	pgd_t __user *pgdir;
	pte_t __user *linear;
	unsigned long mem_base = (unsigned long)lg->mem_base;
	unsigned int mapped_pages, i, linear_pages;
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	pmd_t __user *pmds;
	unsigned int j;
	pgd_t pgd;
	pmd_t pmd;
#else
	unsigned int phys_linear;
#endif

	/*
	 * We have mapped_pages frames to map, so we need linear_pages page
	 * tables to map them.
	 */
	mapped_pages = mem / PAGE_SIZE;
	linear_pages = (mapped_pages + PTRS_PER_PTE - 1) / PTRS_PER_PTE;

	/* We put the toplevel page directory page at the top of memory. */
	pgdir = (pgd_t *)(mem + mem_base - initrd_size - PAGE_SIZE);

	/* Now we use the next linear_pages pages as pte pages */
	linear = (void *)pgdir - linear_pages * PAGE_SIZE;

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	/*
	 * And the single mid page goes below that.  We only use one, but
	 * that's enough to map 1G, which definitely gets us through boot.
	 */
	pmds = (void *)linear - PAGE_SIZE;
#endif
	/*
	 * Linear mapping is easy: put every page's address into the
	 * mapping in order.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < mapped_pages; i++) {
		pte_t pte;
		pte = pfn_pte(i, __pgprot(_PAGE_PRESENT|_PAGE_RW|_PAGE_USER));
		if (copy_to_user(&linear[i], &pte, sizeof(pte)) != 0)
			return -EFAULT;
	}

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	/*
	 * Make the Guest PMD entries point to the corresponding place in the
	 * linear mapping (up to one page worth of PMD).
	 */
	for (i = j = 0; i < mapped_pages && j < PTRS_PER_PMD;
	     i += PTRS_PER_PTE, j++) {
		pmd = pfn_pmd(((unsigned long)&linear[i] - mem_base)/PAGE_SIZE,
			      __pgprot(_PAGE_PRESENT | _PAGE_RW | _PAGE_USER));

		if (copy_to_user(&pmds[j], &pmd, sizeof(pmd)) != 0)
			return -EFAULT;
	}

	/* One PGD entry, pointing to that PMD page. */
	pgd = __pgd(((unsigned long)pmds - mem_base) | _PAGE_PRESENT);
	/* Copy it in as the first PGD entry (ie. addresses 0-1G). */
	if (copy_to_user(&pgdir[0], &pgd, sizeof(pgd)) != 0)
		return -EFAULT;
	/*
	 * And the other PGD entry to make the linear mapping at PAGE_OFFSET
	 */
	if (copy_to_user(&pgdir[KERNEL_PGD_BOUNDARY], &pgd, sizeof(pgd)))
		return -EFAULT;
#else
	/*
	 * The top level points to the linear page table pages above.
	 * We setup the identity and linear mappings here.
	 */
	phys_linear = (unsigned long)linear - mem_base;
	for (i = 0; i < mapped_pages; i += PTRS_PER_PTE) {
		pgd_t pgd;
		/*
		 * Create a PGD entry which points to the right part of the
		 * linear PTE pages.
		 */
		pgd = __pgd((phys_linear + i * sizeof(pte_t)) |
			    (_PAGE_PRESENT | _PAGE_RW | _PAGE_USER));

		/*
		 * Copy it into the PGD page at 0 and PAGE_OFFSET.
		 */
		if (copy_to_user(&pgdir[i / PTRS_PER_PTE], &pgd, sizeof(pgd))
		    || copy_to_user(&pgdir[pgd_index(PAGE_OFFSET)
					   + i / PTRS_PER_PTE],
				    &pgd, sizeof(pgd)))
			return -EFAULT;
	}
#endif

	/*
	 * We return the top level (guest-physical) address: we remember where
	 * this is to write it into lguest_data when the Guest initializes.
	 */
	return (unsigned long)pgdir - mem_base;
}

/*H:500
 * (vii) Setting up the page tables initially.
 *
 * When a Guest is first created, the Launcher tells us where the toplevel of
 * its first page table is.  We set some things up here:
 */
int init_guest_pagetable(struct lguest *lg)
{
	u64 mem;
	u32 initrd_size;
	struct boot_params __user *boot = (struct boot_params *)lg->mem_base;
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	pgd_t *pgd;
	pmd_t *pmd_table;
#endif
	/*
	 * Get the Guest memory size and the ramdisk size from the boot header
	 * located at lg->mem_base (Guest address 0).
	 */
	if (copy_from_user(&mem, &boot->e820_map[0].size, sizeof(mem))
	    || get_user(initrd_size, &boot->hdr.ramdisk_size))
		return -EFAULT;

	/*
	 * We start on the first shadow page table, and give it a blank PGD
	 * page.
	 */
	lg->pgdirs[0].gpgdir = setup_pagetables(lg, mem, initrd_size);
	if (IS_ERR_VALUE(lg->pgdirs[0].gpgdir))
		return lg->pgdirs[0].gpgdir;
	lg->pgdirs[0].pgdir = (pgd_t *)get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!lg->pgdirs[0].pgdir)
		return -ENOMEM;

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	/* For PAE, we also create the initial mid-level. */
	pgd = lg->pgdirs[0].pgdir;
	pmd_table = (pmd_t *) get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!pmd_table)
		return -ENOMEM;

	set_pgd(pgd + SWITCHER_PGD_INDEX,
		__pgd(__pa(pmd_table) | _PAGE_PRESENT));
#endif

	/* This is the current page table. */
	lg->cpus[0].cpu_pgd = 0;
	return 0;
}

/*H:508 When the Guest calls LHCALL_LGUEST_INIT we do more setup. */
void page_table_guest_data_init(struct lg_cpu *cpu)
{
	/* We get the kernel address: above this is all kernel memory. */
	if (get_user(cpu->lg->kernel_address,
		&cpu->lg->lguest_data->kernel_address)
		/*
		 * We tell the Guest that it can't use the top 2 or 4 MB
		 * of virtual addresses used by the Switcher.
		 */
		|| put_user(RESERVE_MEM * 1024 * 1024,
			&cpu->lg->lguest_data->reserve_mem)
		|| put_user(cpu->lg->pgdirs[0].gpgdir,
			&cpu->lg->lguest_data->pgdir))
		kill_guest(cpu, "bad guest page %p", cpu->lg->lguest_data);

	/*
	 * In flush_user_mappings() we loop from 0 to
	 * "pgd_index(lg->kernel_address)".  This assumes it won't hit the
	 * Switcher mappings, so check that now.
	 */
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	if (pgd_index(cpu->lg->kernel_address) == SWITCHER_PGD_INDEX &&
		pmd_index(cpu->lg->kernel_address) == SWITCHER_PMD_INDEX)
#else
	if (pgd_index(cpu->lg->kernel_address) >= SWITCHER_PGD_INDEX)
#endif
		kill_guest(cpu, "bad kernel address %#lx",
				 cpu->lg->kernel_address);
}

/* When a Guest dies, our cleanup is fairly simple. */
void free_guest_pagetable(struct lguest *lg)
{
	unsigned int i;

	/* Throw away all page table pages. */
	release_all_pagetables(lg);
	/* Now free the top levels: free_page() can handle 0 just fine. */
	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(lg->pgdirs); i++)
		free_page((long)lg->pgdirs[i].pgdir);
}

/*H:480
 * (vi) Mapping the Switcher when the Guest is about to run.
 *
 * The Switcher and the two pages for this CPU need to be visible in the
 * Guest (and not the pages for other CPUs).  We have the appropriate PTE pages
 * for each CPU already set up, we just need to hook them in now we know which
 * Guest is about to run on this CPU.
 */
void map_switcher_in_guest(struct lg_cpu *cpu, struct lguest_pages *pages)
{
	pte_t *switcher_pte_page = __get_cpu_var(switcher_pte_pages);
	pte_t regs_pte;

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
	pmd_t switcher_pmd;
	pmd_t *pmd_table;

	switcher_pmd = pfn_pmd(__pa(switcher_pte_page) >> PAGE_SHIFT,
			       PAGE_KERNEL_EXEC);

	/* Figure out where the pmd page is, by reading the PGD, and converting
	 * it to a virtual address. */
	pmd_table = __va(pgd_pfn(cpu->lg->
			pgdirs[cpu->cpu_pgd].pgdir[SWITCHER_PGD_INDEX])
								<< PAGE_SHIFT);
	/* Now write it into the shadow page table. */
	set_pmd(&pmd_table[SWITCHER_PMD_INDEX], switcher_pmd);
#else
	pgd_t switcher_pgd;

	/*
	 * Make the last PGD entry for this Guest point to the Switcher's PTE
	 * page for this CPU (with appropriate flags).
	 */
	switcher_pgd = __pgd(__pa(switcher_pte_page) | __PAGE_KERNEL_EXEC);

	cpu->lg->pgdirs[cpu->cpu_pgd].pgdir[SWITCHER_PGD_INDEX] = switcher_pgd;

#endif
	/*
	 * We also change the Switcher PTE page.  When we're running the Guest,
	 * we want the Guest's "regs" page to appear where the first Switcher
	 * page for this CPU is.  This is an optimization: when the Switcher
	 * saves the Guest registers, it saves them into the first page of this
	 * CPU's "struct lguest_pages": if we make sure the Guest's register
	 * page is already mapped there, we don't have to copy them out
	 * again.
	 */
	regs_pte = pfn_pte(__pa(cpu->regs_page) >> PAGE_SHIFT, PAGE_KERNEL);
	set_pte(&switcher_pte_page[pte_index((unsigned long)pages)], regs_pte);
}
/*:*/

static void free_switcher_pte_pages(void)
{
	unsigned int i;

	for_each_possible_cpu(i)
		free_page((long)switcher_pte_page(i));
}

/*H:520
 * Setting up the Switcher PTE page for given CPU is fairly easy, given
 * the CPU number and the "struct page"s for the Switcher code itself.
 *
 * Currently the Switcher is less than a page long, so "pages" is always 1.
 */
static __init void populate_switcher_pte_page(unsigned int cpu,
					      struct page *switcher_page[],
					      unsigned int pages)
{
	unsigned int i;
	pte_t *pte = switcher_pte_page(cpu);

	/* The first entries are easy: they map the Switcher code. */
	for (i = 0; i < pages; i++) {
		set_pte(&pte[i], mk_pte(switcher_page[i],
				__pgprot(_PAGE_PRESENT|_PAGE_ACCESSED)));
	}

	/* The only other thing we map is this CPU's pair of pages. */
	i = pages + cpu*2;

	/* First page (Guest registers) is writable from the Guest */
	set_pte(&pte[i], pfn_pte(page_to_pfn(switcher_page[i]),
			 __pgprot(_PAGE_PRESENT|_PAGE_ACCESSED|_PAGE_RW)));

	/*
	 * The second page contains the "struct lguest_ro_state", and is
	 * read-only.
	 */
	set_pte(&pte[i+1], pfn_pte(page_to_pfn(switcher_page[i+1]),
			   __pgprot(_PAGE_PRESENT|_PAGE_ACCESSED)));
}

/*
 * We've made it through the page table code.  Perhaps our tired brains are
 * still processing the details, or perhaps we're simply glad it's over.
 *
 * If nothing else, note that all this complexity in juggling shadow page tables
 * in sync with the Guest's page tables is for one reason: for most Guests this
 * page table dance determines how bad performance will be.  This is why Xen
 * uses exotic direct Guest pagetable manipulation, and why both Intel and AMD
 * have implemented shadow page table support directly into hardware.
 *
 * There is just one file remaining in the Host.
 */

/*H:510
 * At boot or module load time, init_pagetables() allocates and populates
 * the Switcher PTE page for each CPU.
 */
__init int init_pagetables(struct page **switcher_page, unsigned int pages)
{
	unsigned int i;

	for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
		switcher_pte_page(i) = (pte_t *)get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!switcher_pte_page(i)) {
			free_switcher_pte_pages();
			return -ENOMEM;
		}
		populate_switcher_pte_page(i, switcher_page, pages);
	}
	return 0;
}
/*:*/

/* Cleaning up simply involves freeing the PTE page for each CPU. */
void free_pagetables(void)
{
	free_switcher_pte_pages();
}