Change each shrinker's API by consolidating the existing parameters into
shrink_control struct. This will simplify any further features added w/o
touching each file of shrinker.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warning]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: fix up new shrinker API]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix xfs warning]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: update gfs2]
Signed-off-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Consolidate the existing parameters to shrink_slab() into a new
shrink_control struct. This is needed later to pass the same struct to
shrinkers.
Signed-off-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
isolate_lru_page() must be called only with stable reference to the page,
this is what is written in the comment above it, this is reasonable.
current isolate_lru_page() users and its page extra reference sources:
mm/huge_memory.c:
__collapse_huge_page_isolate() - reference from pte
mm/memcontrol.c:
mem_cgroup_move_parent() - get_page_unless_zero()
mem_cgroup_move_charge_pte_range() - reference from pte
mm/memory-failure.c:
soft_offline_page() - fixed, reference from get_any_page()
delete_from_lru_cache() - reference from caller or get_page_unless_zero()
[ seems like there bug, because __memory_failure() can call
page_action() for hpages tail, but it is ok for
isolate_lru_page(), tail getted and not in lru]
mm/memory_hotplug.c:
do_migrate_range() - fixed, get_page_unless_zero()
mm/mempolicy.c:
migrate_page_add() - reference from pte
mm/migrate.c:
do_move_page_to_node_array() - reference from follow_page()
mlock.c: - various external references
mm/vmscan.c:
putback_lru_page() - reference from isolate_lru_page()
It seems that all isolate_lru_page() users are ready now for this
restriction. So, let's replace redundant get_page_unless_zero() with
get_page() and add page initial reference count check with VM_BUG_ON()
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It has been reported on some laptops that kswapd is consuming large
amounts of CPU and not being scheduled when SLUB is enabled during large
amounts of file copying. It is expected that this is due to kswapd
missing every cond_resched() point because;
shrink_page_list() calls cond_resched() if inactive pages were isolated
which in turn may not happen if all_unreclaimable is set in
shrink_zones(). If for whatver reason, all_unreclaimable is
set on all zones, we can miss calling cond_resched().
balance_pgdat() only calls cond_resched if the zones are not
balanced. For a high-order allocation that is balanced, it
checks order-0 again. During that window, order-0 might have
become unbalanced so it loops again for order-0 and returns
that it was reclaiming for order-0 to kswapd(). It can then
find that a caller has rewoken kswapd for a high-order and
re-enters balance_pgdat() without ever calling cond_resched().
shrink_slab only calls cond_resched() if we are reclaiming slab
pages. If there are a large number of direct reclaimers, the
shrinker_rwsem can be contended and prevent kswapd calling
cond_resched().
This patch modifies the shrink_slab() case. If the semaphore is
contended, the caller will still check cond_resched(). After each
successful call into a shrinker, the check for cond_resched() remains in
case one shrinker is particularly slow.
[mgorman@suse.de: preserve call to cond_resched after each call into shrinker]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Tested-by: Colin King <colin.king@canonical.com>
Cc: Raghavendra D Prabhu <raghu.prabhu13@gmail.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.38+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are a few reports of people experiencing hangs when copying large
amounts of data with kswapd using a large amount of CPU which appear to be
due to recent reclaim changes. SLUB using high orders is the trigger but
not the root cause as SLUB has been using high orders for a while. The
root cause was bugs introduced into reclaim which are addressed by the
following two patches.
Patch 1 corrects logic introduced by commit 1741c877 ("mm: kswapd:
keep kswapd awake for high-order allocations until a percentage of
the node is balanced") to allow kswapd to go to sleep when
balanced for high orders.
Patch 2 notes that it is possible for kswapd to miss every
cond_resched() and updates shrink_slab() so it'll at least reach
that scheduling point.
Chris Wood reports that these two patches in isolation are sufficient to
prevent the system hanging. AFAIK, they should also resolve similar hangs
experienced by James Bottomley.
This patch:
Johannes Weiner poined out that the logic in commit 1741c877 ("mm: kswapd:
keep kswapd awake for high-order allocations until a percentage of the
node is balanced") is backwards. Instead of allowing kswapd to go to
sleep when balancing for high order allocations, it keeps it kswapd
running uselessly.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Tested-by: Colin King <colin.king@canonical.com>
Cc: Raghavendra D Prabhu <raghu.prabhu13@gmail.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.38+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit e66eed651f ("list: remove prefetching from regular list
iterators") removed the include of prefetch.h from list.h, which
uncovered several cases that had apparently relied on that rather
obscure header file dependency.
So this fixes things up a bit, using
grep -L linux/prefetch.h $(git grep -l '[^a-z_]prefetchw*(' -- '*.[ch]')
grep -L 'prefetchw*(' $(git grep -l 'linux/prefetch.h' -- '*.[ch]')
to guide us in finding files that either need <linux/prefetch.h>
inclusion, or have it despite not needing it.
There are more of them around (mostly network drivers), but this gets
many core ones.
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
ZONE_CONGESTED should be a state of global memory reclaim. If not, a busy
memcg sets this and give unnecessary throttoling in wait_iff_congested()
against memory recalim in other contexts. This makes system performance
bad.
I'll think about "memcg is congested!" flag is required or not, later.
But this fix is required first.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Acked-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
all_unreclaimable check in direct reclaim has been introduced at 2.6.19
by following commit.
2006 Sep 25; commit 408d8544; oom: use unreclaimable info
And it went through strange history. firstly, following commit broke
the logic unintentionally.
2008 Apr 29; commit a41f24ea; page allocator: smarter retry of
costly-order allocations
Two years later, I've found obvious meaningless code fragment and
restored original intention by following commit.
2010 Jun 04; commit bb21c7ce; vmscan: fix do_try_to_free_pages()
return value when priority==0
But, the logic didn't works when 32bit highmem system goes hibernation
and Minchan slightly changed the algorithm and fixed it .
2010 Sep 22: commit d1908362: vmscan: check all_unreclaimable
in direct reclaim path
But, recently, Andrey Vagin found the new corner case. Look,
struct zone {
..
int all_unreclaimable;
..
unsigned long pages_scanned;
..
}
zone->all_unreclaimable and zone->pages_scanned are neigher atomic
variables nor protected by lock. Therefore zones can become a state of
zone->page_scanned=0 and zone->all_unreclaimable=1. In this case, current
all_unreclaimable() return false even though zone->all_unreclaimabe=1.
This resulted in the kernel hanging up when executing a loop of the form
1. fork
2. mmap
3. touch memory
4. read memory
5. munmmap
as described in
http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/linux/kernel/1348725#1348725
Is this ignorable minor issue? No. Unfortunately, x86 has very small dma
zone and it become zone->all_unreclamble=1 easily. and if it become
all_unreclaimable=1, it never restore all_unreclaimable=0. Why? if
all_unreclaimable=1, vmscan only try DEF_PRIORITY reclaim and
a-few-lru-pages>>DEF_PRIORITY always makes 0. that mean no page scan at
all!
Eventually, oom-killer never works on such systems. That said, we can't
use zone->pages_scanned for this purpose. This patch restore
all_unreclaimable() use zone->all_unreclaimable as old. and in addition,
to add oom_killer_disabled check to avoid reintroduce the issue of commit
d1908362 ("vmscan: check all_unreclaimable in direct reclaim path").
Reported-by: Andrey Vagin <avagin@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'for-2.6.39/core' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block: (65 commits)
Documentation/iostats.txt: bit-size reference etc.
cfq-iosched: removing unnecessary think time checking
cfq-iosched: Don't clear queue stats when preempt.
blk-throttle: Reset group slice when limits are changed
blk-cgroup: Only give unaccounted_time under debug
cfq-iosched: Don't set active queue in preempt
block: fix non-atomic access to genhd inflight structures
block: attempt to merge with existing requests on plug flush
block: NULL dereference on error path in __blkdev_get()
cfq-iosched: Don't update group weights when on service tree
fs: assign sb->s_bdi to default_backing_dev_info if the bdi is going away
block: Require subsystems to explicitly allocate bio_set integrity mempool
jbd2: finish conversion from WRITE_SYNC_PLUG to WRITE_SYNC and explicit plugging
jbd: finish conversion from WRITE_SYNC_PLUG to WRITE_SYNC and explicit plugging
fs: make fsync_buffers_list() plug
mm: make generic_writepages() use plugging
blk-cgroup: Add unaccounted time to timeslice_used.
block: fixup plugging stubs for !CONFIG_BLOCK
block: remove obsolete comments for blkdev_issue_zeroout.
blktrace: Use rq->cmd_flags directly in blk_add_trace_rq.
...
Fix up conflicts in fs/{aio.c,super.c}
When reclaiming for order-0 pages, kswapd requires that all zones be
balanced. Each cycle through balance_pgdat() does background ageing on
all zones if necessary and applies equal pressure on the inactive zone
unless a lot of pages are free already.
A "lot of free pages" is defined as a "balance gap" above the high
watermark which is currently 7*high_watermark. Historically this was
reasonable as min_free_kbytes was small. However, on systems using huge
pages, it is recommended that min_free_kbytes is higher and it is tuned
with hugeadm --set-recommended-min_free_kbytes. With the introduction of
transparent huge page support, this recommended value is also applied. On
X86-64 with 4G of memory, min_free_kbytes becomes 67584 so one would
expect around 68M of memory to be free. The Normal zone is approximately
35000 pages so under even normal memory pressure such as copying a large
file, it gets exhausted quickly. As it is getting exhausted, kswapd
applies pressure equally to all zones, including the DMA32 zone. DMA32 is
approximately 700,000 pages with a high watermark of around 23,000 pages.
In this situation, kswapd will reclaim around (23000*8 where 8 is the high
watermark + balance gap of 7 * high watermark) pages or 718M of pages
before the zone is ignored. What the user sees is that free memory far
higher than it should be.
To avoid an excessive number of pages being reclaimed from the larger
zones, explicitely defines the "balance gap" to be either 1% of the zone
or the low watermark for the zone, whichever is smaller. While kswapd
will check all zones to apply pressure, it'll ignore zones that meets the
(high_wmark + balance_gap) watermark.
To test this, 80G were copied from a partition and the amount of memory
being used was recorded. A comparison of a patch and unpatched kernel can
be seen at
http://www.csn.ul.ie/~mel/postings/minfree-20110222/memory-usage-hydra.ps
and shows that kswapd is not reclaiming as much memory with the patch
applied.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: "Chen, Tim C" <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now we renamed remove_from_page_cache with delete_from_page_cache. As
consistency of __remove_from_swap_cache and remove_from_swap_cache, we
change internal page cache handling function name, too.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch reverts 5a03b051 ("thp: use compaction in kswapd for GFP_ATOMIC
order > 0") due to reports stating that kswapd CPU usage was higher and
IRQs were being disabled more frequently. This was reported at
http://www.spinics.net/linux/fedora/alsa-user/msg09885.html.
Without this patch applied, CPU usage by kswapd hovers around the 20% mark
according to the tester (Arthur Marsh:
http://www.spinics.net/linux/fedora/alsa-user/msg09899.html). With this
patch applied, it's around 2%.
The problem is not related to THP which specifies __GFP_NO_KSWAPD but is
triggered by high-order allocations hitting the low watermark for their
order and waking kswapd on kernels with CONFIG_COMPACTION set. The most
common trigger for this is network cards configured for jumbo frames but
it's also possible it'll be triggered by fork-heavy workloads (order-1)
and some wireless cards which depend on order-1 allocations.
The symptoms for the user will be high CPU usage by kswapd in low-memory
situations which could be confused with another writeback problem. While
a patch like 5a03b051 may be reintroduced in the future, this patch plays
it safe for now and reverts it.
[mel@csn.ul.ie: Beefed up the changelog]
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reported-by: Arthur Marsh <arthur.marsh@internode.on.net>
Tested-by: Arthur Marsh <arthur.marsh@internode.on.net>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.38.1]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Code has been converted over to the new explicit on-stack plugging,
and delay users have been converted to use the new API for that.
So lets kill off the old plugging along with aops->sync_page().
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
should_continue_reclaim() for reclaim/compaction allows scanning to
continue even if pages are not being reclaimed until the full list is
scanned. In terms of allocation success, this makes sense but potentially
it introduces unwanted latency for high-order allocations such as
transparent hugepages and network jumbo frames that would prefer to fail
the allocation attempt and fallback to order-0 pages. Worse, there is a
potential that the full LRU scan will clear all the young bits, distort
page aging information and potentially push pages into swap that would
have otherwise remained resident.
This patch will stop reclaim/compaction if no pages were reclaimed in the
last SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages that were considered. For allocations such as
hugetlbfs that use __GFP_REPEAT and have fewer fallback options, the full
LRU list may still be scanned.
Order-0 allocation should not be affected because RECLAIM_MODE_COMPACTION
is not set so the following avoids the gfp_mask being examined:
if (!(sc->reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_MODE_COMPACTION))
return false;
A tool was developed based on ftrace that tracked the latency of
high-order allocations while transparent hugepage support was enabled and
three benchmarks were run. The "fix-infinite" figures are 2.6.38-rc4 with
Johannes's patch "vmscan: fix zone shrinking exit when scan work is done"
applied.
STREAM Highorder Allocation Latency Statistics
fix-infinite break-early
1 :: Count 10298 10229
1 :: Min 0.4560 0.4640
1 :: Mean 1.0589 1.0183
1 :: Max 14.5990 11.7510
1 :: Stddev 0.5208 0.4719
2 :: Count 2 1
2 :: Min 1.8610 3.7240
2 :: Mean 3.4325 3.7240
2 :: Max 5.0040 3.7240
2 :: Stddev 1.5715 0.0000
9 :: Count 111696 111694
9 :: Min 0.5230 0.4110
9 :: Mean 10.5831 10.5718
9 :: Max 38.4480 43.2900
9 :: Stddev 1.1147 1.1325
Mean time for order-1 allocations is reduced. order-2 looks increased but
with so few allocations, it's not particularly significant. THP mean
allocation latency is also reduced. That said, allocation time varies so
significantly that the reductions are within noise.
Max allocation time is reduced by a significant amount for low-order
allocations but reduced for THP allocations which presumably are now
breaking before reclaim has done enough work.
SysBench Highorder Allocation Latency Statistics
fix-infinite break-early
1 :: Count 15745 15677
1 :: Min 0.4250 0.4550
1 :: Mean 1.1023 1.0810
1 :: Max 14.4590 10.8220
1 :: Stddev 0.5117 0.5100
2 :: Count 1 1
2 :: Min 3.0040 2.1530
2 :: Mean 3.0040 2.1530
2 :: Max 3.0040 2.1530
2 :: Stddev 0.0000 0.0000
9 :: Count 2017 1931
9 :: Min 0.4980 0.7480
9 :: Mean 10.4717 10.3840
9 :: Max 24.9460 26.2500
9 :: Stddev 1.1726 1.1966
Again, mean time for order-1 allocations is reduced while order-2
allocations are too few to draw conclusions from. The mean time for THP
allocations is also slightly reduced albeit the reductions are within
varianes.
Once again, our maximum allocation time is significantly reduced for
low-order allocations and slightly increased for THP allocations.
Anon stream mmap reference Highorder Allocation Latency Statistics
1 :: Count 1376 1790
1 :: Min 0.4940 0.5010
1 :: Mean 1.0289 0.9732
1 :: Max 6.2670 4.2540
1 :: Stddev 0.4142 0.2785
2 :: Count 1 -
2 :: Min 1.9060 -
2 :: Mean 1.9060 -
2 :: Max 1.9060 -
2 :: Stddev 0.0000 -
9 :: Count 11266 11257
9 :: Min 0.4990 0.4940
9 :: Mean 27250.4669 24256.1919
9 :: Max 11439211.0000 6008885.0000
9 :: Stddev 226427.4624 186298.1430
This benchmark creates one thread per CPU which references an amount of
anonymous memory 1.5 times the size of physical RAM. This pounds swap
quite heavily and is intended to exercise THP a bit.
Mean allocation time for order-1 is reduced as before. It's also reduced
for THP allocations but the variations here are pretty massive due to
swap. As before, maximum allocation times are significantly reduced.
Overall, the patch reduces the mean and maximum allocation latencies for
the smaller high-order allocations. This was with Slab configured so it
would be expected to be more significant with Slub which uses these size
allocations more aggressively.
The mean allocation times for THP allocations are also slightly reduced.
The maximum latency was slightly increased as predicted by the comments
due to reclaim/compaction breaking early. However, workloads care more
about the latency of lower-order allocations than THP so it's an
acceptable trade-off.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 3e7d344970 ("mm: vmscan: reclaim order-0 and use compaction
instead of lumpy reclaim") introduced an indefinite loop in
shrink_zone().
It meant to break out of this loop when no pages had been reclaimed and
not a single page was even scanned. The way it would detect the latter
is by taking a snapshot of sc->nr_scanned at the beginning of the
function and comparing it against the new sc->nr_scanned after the scan
loop. But it would re-iterate without updating that snapshot, looping
forever if sc->nr_scanned changed at least once since shrink_zone() was
invoked.
This is not the sole condition that would exit that loop, but it
requires other processes to change the zone state, as the reclaimer that
is stuck obviously can not anymore.
This is only happening for higher-order allocations, where reclaim is
run back to back with compaction.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Kent Overstreet<kent.overstreet@gmail.com>
Reported-by: Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Before 0e093d9976 ("writeback: do not sleep on the congestion queue if
there are no congested BDIs or if significant congestion is not being
encountered in the current zone"), preferred_zone was only used for NUMA
statistics, to determine the zoneidx from which to allocate from given
the type requested, and whether to utilize memory compaction.
wait_iff_congested(), though, uses preferred_zone to determine if the
congestion wait should be deferred because its dirty pages are backed by
a congested bdi. This incorrectly defers the timeout and busy loops in
the page allocator with various cond_resched() calls if preferred_zone
is not allowed in the current context, usually consuming 100% of a cpu.
This patch ensures preferred_zone is an allowed zone in the fastpath
depending on whether current is constrained by its cpuset or nodes in
its mempolicy (when the nodemask passed is non-NULL). This is correct
since the fastpath allocation always passes ALLOC_CPUSET when trying to
allocate memory. In the slowpath, this patch resets preferred_zone to
the first zone of the allowed type when the allocation is not
constrained by current's cpuset, i.e. it does not pass ALLOC_CPUSET.
This patch also ensures preferred_zone is from the set of allowed nodes
when called from within direct reclaim since allocations are always
constrained by cpusets in this context (it is blockable).
Both of these uses of cpuset_current_mems_allowed are protected by
get_mems_allowed().
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This reverts commit 744ed14427.
Chris Mason ended up chasing down some page allocation errors and pages
stuck waiting on the IO scheduler, and was able to narrow it down to two
commits: commit 744ed14427 ("mm: batch activate_page() to reduce lock
contention") and d8505dee1a ("mm: simplify code of swap.c").
This reverts the first of them.
Reported-and-debugged-by: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Cc: linux-mm <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The zone->lru_lock is heavily contented in workload where activate_page()
is frequently used. We could do batch activate_page() to reduce the lock
contention. The batched pages will be added into zone list when the pool
is full or page reclaim is trying to drain them.
For example, in a 4 socket 64 CPU system, create a sparse file and 64
processes, processes shared map to the file. Each process read access the
whole file and then exit. The process exit will do unmap_vmas() and cause
a lot of activate_page() call. In such workload, we saw about 58% total
time reduction with below patch. Other workloads with a lot of
activate_page also benefits a lot too.
I tested some microbenchmarks:
case-anon-cow-rand-mt 0.58%
case-anon-cow-rand -3.30%
case-anon-cow-seq-mt -0.51%
case-anon-cow-seq -5.68%
case-anon-r-rand-mt 0.23%
case-anon-r-rand 0.81%
case-anon-r-seq-mt -0.71%
case-anon-r-seq -1.99%
case-anon-rx-rand-mt 2.11%
case-anon-rx-seq-mt 3.46%
case-anon-w-rand-mt -0.03%
case-anon-w-rand -0.50%
case-anon-w-seq-mt -1.08%
case-anon-w-seq -0.12%
case-anon-wx-rand-mt -5.02%
case-anon-wx-seq-mt -1.43%
case-fork 1.65%
case-fork-sleep -0.07%
case-fork-withmem 1.39%
case-hugetlb -0.59%
case-lru-file-mmap-read-mt -0.54%
case-lru-file-mmap-read 0.61%
case-lru-file-mmap-read-rand -2.24%
case-lru-file-readonce -0.64%
case-lru-file-readtwice -11.69%
case-lru-memcg -1.35%
case-mmap-pread-rand-mt 1.88%
case-mmap-pread-rand -15.26%
case-mmap-pread-seq-mt 0.89%
case-mmap-pread-seq -69.72%
case-mmap-xread-rand-mt 0.71%
case-mmap-xread-seq-mt 0.38%
The most significent are:
case-lru-file-readtwice -11.69%
case-mmap-pread-rand -15.26%
case-mmap-pread-seq -69.72%
which use activate_page a lot. others are basically variations because
each run has slightly difference.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make sure we scale up nr_rotated when we encounter a referenced
transparent huge page. This ensures pageout scanning balance is not
distorted when there are huge pages on the LRU.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Count each transparent hugepage as HPAGE_PMD_NR pages in the LRU
statistics, so the Active(anon) and Inactive(anon) statistics in
/proc/meminfo are correct.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This takes advantage of memory compaction to properly generate pages of
order > 0 if regular page reclaim fails and priority level becomes more
severe and we don't reach the proper watermarks.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When kswapd is woken up for a high-order allocation, it takes account of
the highest usable zone by the caller (the classzone idx). During
allocation, this index is used to select the lowmem_reserve[] that should
be applied to the watermark calculation in zone_watermark_ok().
When balancing a node, kswapd considers the highest unbalanced zone to be
the classzone index. This will always be at least be the callers
classzone_idx and can be higher. However, sleeping_prematurely() always
considers the lowest zone (e.g. ZONE_DMA) to be the classzone index.
This means that sleeping_prematurely() can consider a zone to be balanced
that is unusable by the allocation request that originally woke kswapd.
This patch changes sleeping_prematurely() to use a classzone_idx matching
the value it used in balance_pgdat().
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Simon Kirby <sim@hostway.ca>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After DEF_PRIORITY, balance_pgdat() considers all_unreclaimable zones to
be balanced but sleeping_prematurely does not. This can force kswapd to
stay awake longer than it should. This patch fixes it.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Eric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Simon Kirby <sim@hostway.ca>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When kswapd wakes up, it reads its order and classzone from pgdat and
calls balance_pgdat. While its awake, it potentially reclaimes at a high
order and a low classzone index. This might have been a once-off that was
not required by subsequent callers. However, because the pgdat values
were not reset, they remain artifically high while balance_pgdat() is
running and potentially kswapd enters a second unnecessary reclaim cycle.
Reset the pgdat order and classzone index after reading.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Simon Kirby <sim@hostway.ca>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Before kswapd goes to sleep, it uses sleeping_prematurely() to check if
there was a race pushing a zone below its watermark. If the race
happened, it stays awake. However, balance_pgdat() can decide to reclaim
at order-0 if it decides that high-order reclaim is not working as
expected. This information is not passed back to sleeping_prematurely().
The impact is that kswapd remains awake reclaiming pages long after it
should have gone to sleep. This patch passes the adjusted order to
sleeping_prematurely and uses the same logic as balance_pgdat to decide if
it's ok to go to sleep.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Simon Kirby <sim@hostway.ca>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When reclaiming for high-orders, kswapd is responsible for balancing a
node but it should not reclaim excessively. It avoids excessive reclaim
by considering if any zone in a node is balanced then the node is
balanced. In the cases where there are imbalanced zone sizes (e.g.
ZONE_DMA with both ZONE_DMA32 and ZONE_NORMAL), kswapd can go to sleep
prematurely as just one small zone was balanced.
This alters the sleep logic of kswapd slightly. It counts the number of
pages that make up the balanced zones. If the total number of balanced
pages is more than a quarter of the zone, kswapd will go back to sleep.
This should keep a node balanced without reclaiming an excessive number of
pages.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Simon Kirby <sim@hostway.ca>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Simon Kirby reported the following problem
We're seeing cases on a number of servers where cache never fully
grows to use all available memory. Sometimes we see servers with 4 GB
of memory that never seem to have less than 1.5 GB free, even with a
constantly-active VM. In some cases, these servers also swap out while
this happens, even though they are constantly reading the working set
into memory. We have been seeing this happening for a long time; I
don't think it's anything recent, and it still happens on 2.6.36.
After some debugging work by Simon, Dave Hansen and others, the prevaling
theory became that kswapd is reclaiming order-3 pages requested by SLUB
too aggressive about it.
There are two apparent problems here. On the target machine, there is a
small Normal zone in comparison to DMA32. As kswapd tries to balance all
zones, it would continually try reclaiming for Normal even though DMA32
was balanced enough for callers. The second problem is that
sleeping_prematurely() does not use the same logic as balance_pgdat() when
deciding whether to sleep or not. This keeps kswapd artifically awake.
A number of tests were run and the figures from previous postings will
look very different for a few reasons. One, the old figures were forcing
my network card to use GFP_ATOMIC in attempt to replicate Simon's problem.
Second, I previous specified slub_min_order=3 again in an attempt to
reproduce Simon's problem. In this posting, I'm depending on Simon to say
whether his problem is fixed or not and these figures are to show the
impact to the ordinary cases. Finally, the "vmscan" figures are taken
from /proc/vmstat instead of the tracepoints. There is less information
but recording is less disruptive.
The first test of relevance was postmark with a process running in the
background reading a large amount of anonymous memory in blocks. The
objective was to vaguely simulate what was happening on Simon's machine
and it's memory intensive enough to have kswapd awake.
POSTMARK
traceonly kanyzone
Transactions per second: 156.00 ( 0.00%) 153.00 (-1.96%)
Data megabytes read per second: 21.51 ( 0.00%) 21.52 ( 0.05%)
Data megabytes written per second: 29.28 ( 0.00%) 29.11 (-0.58%)
Files created alone per second: 250.00 ( 0.00%) 416.00 (39.90%)
Files create/transact per second: 79.00 ( 0.00%) 76.00 (-3.95%)
Files deleted alone per second: 520.00 ( 0.00%) 420.00 (-23.81%)
Files delete/transact per second: 79.00 ( 0.00%) 76.00 (-3.95%)
MMTests Statistics: duration
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 16.58 17.4
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 218.48 222.47
VMstat Reclaim Statistics: vmscan
Direct reclaims 0 4
Direct reclaim pages scanned 0 203
Direct reclaim pages reclaimed 0 184
Kswapd pages scanned 326631 322018
Kswapd pages reclaimed 312632 309784
Kswapd low wmark quickly 1 4
Kswapd high wmark quickly 122 475
Kswapd skip congestion_wait 1 0
Pages activated 700040 705317
Pages deactivated 212113 203922
Pages written 9875 6363
Total pages scanned 326631 322221
Total pages reclaimed 312632 309968
%age total pages scanned/reclaimed 95.71% 96.20%
%age total pages scanned/written 3.02% 1.97%
proc vmstat: Faults
Major Faults 300 254
Minor Faults 645183 660284
Page ins 493588 486704
Page outs 4960088 4986704
Swap ins 1230 661
Swap outs 9869 6355
Performance is mildly affected because kswapd is no longer doing as much
work and the background memory consumer process is getting in the way.
Note that kswapd scanned and reclaimed fewer pages as it's less aggressive
and overall fewer pages were scanned and reclaimed. Swap in/out is
particularly reduced again reflecting kswapd throwing out fewer pages.
The slight performance impact is unfortunate here but it looks like a
direct result of kswapd being less aggressive. As the bug report is about
too many pages being freed by kswapd, it may have to be accepted for now.
The second test is a streaming IO benchmark that was previously used by
Johannes to show regressions in page reclaim.
MICRO
traceonly kanyzone
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 29.29 28.87
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 492.18 488.79
VMstat Reclaim Statistics: vmscan
Direct reclaims 2128 1460
Direct reclaim pages scanned 2284822 1496067
Direct reclaim pages reclaimed 148919 110937
Kswapd pages scanned 15450014 16202876
Kswapd pages reclaimed 8503697 8537897
Kswapd low wmark quickly 3100 3397
Kswapd high wmark quickly 1860 7243
Kswapd skip congestion_wait 708 801
Pages activated 9635 9573
Pages deactivated 1432 1271
Pages written 223 1130
Total pages scanned 17734836 17698943
Total pages reclaimed 8652616 8648834
%age total pages scanned/reclaimed 48.79% 48.87%
%age total pages scanned/written 0.00% 0.01%
proc vmstat: Faults
Major Faults 165 221
Minor Faults 9655785 9656506
Page ins 3880 7228
Page outs 37692940 37480076
Swap ins 0 69
Swap outs 19 15
Again fewer pages are scanned and reclaimed as expected and this time the
test completed faster. Note that kswapd is hitting its watermarks faster
(low and high wmark quickly) which I expect is due to kswapd reclaiming
fewer pages.
I also ran fs-mark, iozone and sysbench but there is nothing interesting
to report in the figures. Performance is not significantly changed and
the reclaim statistics look reasonable.
Tgis patch:
When the allocator enters its slow path, kswapd is woken up to balance the
node. It continues working until all zones within the node are balanced.
For order-0 allocations, this makes perfect sense but for higher orders it
can have unintended side-effects. If the zone sizes are imbalanced,
kswapd may reclaim heavily within a smaller zone discarding an excessive
number of pages. The user-visible behaviour is that kswapd is awake and
reclaiming even though plenty of pages are free from a suitable zone.
This patch alters the "balance" logic for high-order reclaim allowing
kswapd to stop if any suitable zone becomes balanced to reduce the number
of pages it reclaims from other zones. kswapd still tries to ensure that
order-0 watermarks for all zones are met before sleeping.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Simon Kirby <sim@hostway.ca>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
With compaction being used instead of lumpy reclaim, the name lumpy_mode
and associated variables is a bit misleading. Rename lumpy_mode to
reclaim_mode which is a better fit. There is no functional change.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Migration synchronously waits for writeback if the initial passes fails.
Callers of memory compaction do not necessarily want this behaviour if the
caller is latency sensitive or expects that synchronous migration is not
going to have a significantly better success rate.
This patch adds a sync parameter to migrate_pages() allowing the caller to
indicate if wait_on_page_writeback() is allowed within migration or not.
For reclaim/compaction, try_to_compact_pages() is first called
asynchronously, direct reclaim runs and then try_to_compact_pages() is
called synchronously as there is a greater expectation that it'll succeed.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: build/merge fix]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Lumpy reclaim is disruptive. It reclaims a large number of pages and
ignores the age of the pages it reclaims. This can incur significant
stalls and potentially increase the number of major faults.
Compaction has reached the point where it is considered reasonably stable
(meaning it has passed a lot of testing) and is a potential candidate for
displacing lumpy reclaim. This patch introduces an alternative to lumpy
reclaim whe compaction is available called reclaim/compaction. The basic
operation is very simple - instead of selecting a contiguous range of
pages to reclaim, a number of order-0 pages are reclaimed and then
compaction is later by either kswapd (compact_zone_order()) or direct
compaction (__alloc_pages_direct_compact()).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: use conventional task_struct naming]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently lumpy_mode is an enum and determines if lumpy reclaim is off,
syncronous or asyncronous. In preparation for using compaction instead of
lumpy reclaim, this patch converts the flags into a bitmap.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, kswapd() has deep nesting and is slightly hard to read. Clean
this up.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
reduce_pgdat_percpu_threshold() and restore_pgdat_percpu_threshold() exist
to adjust the per-cpu vmstat thresholds while kswapd is awake to avoid
errors due to counter drift. The functions duplicate some code so this
patch replaces them with a single set_pgdat_percpu_threshold() that takes
a callback function to calculate the desired threshold as a parameter.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: readability tweak]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: set_pgdat_percpu_threshold(): don't use for_each_online_cpu]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit aa45484 ("calculate a better estimate of NR_FREE_PAGES when memory
is low") noted that watermarks were based on the vmstat NR_FREE_PAGES. To
avoid synchronization overhead, these counters are maintained on a per-cpu
basis and drained both periodically and when a threshold is above a
threshold. On large CPU systems, the difference between the estimate and
real value of NR_FREE_PAGES can be very high. The system can get into a
case where pages are allocated far below the min watermark potentially
causing livelock issues. The commit solved the problem by taking a better
reading of NR_FREE_PAGES when memory was low.
Unfortately, as reported by Shaohua Li this accurate reading can consume a
large amount of CPU time on systems with many sockets due to cache line
bouncing. This patch takes a different approach. For large machines
where counter drift might be unsafe and while kswapd is awake, the per-cpu
thresholds for the target pgdat are reduced to limit the level of drift to
what should be a safe level. This incurs a performance penalty in heavy
memory pressure by a factor that depends on the workload and the machine
but the machine should function correctly without accidentally exhausting
all memory on a node. There is an additional cost when kswapd wakes and
sleeps but the event is not expected to be frequent - in Shaohua's test
case, there was one recorded sleep and wake event at least.
To ensure that kswapd wakes up, a safe version of zone_watermark_ok() is
introduced that takes a more accurate reading of NR_FREE_PAGES when called
from wakeup_kswapd, when deciding whether it is really safe to go back to
sleep in sleeping_prematurely() and when deciding if a zone is really
balanced or not in balance_pgdat(). We are still using an expensive
function but limiting how often it is called.
When the test case is reproduced, the time spent in the watermark
functions is reduced. The following report is on the percentage of time
spent cumulatively spent in the functions zone_nr_free_pages(),
zone_watermark_ok(), __zone_watermark_ok(), zone_watermark_ok_safe(),
zone_page_state_snapshot(), zone_page_state().
vanilla 11.6615%
disable-threshold 0.2584%
David said:
: We had to pull aa454840 "mm: page allocator: calculate a better estimate
: of NR_FREE_PAGES when memory is low and kswapd is awake" from 2.6.36
: internally because tests showed that it would cause the machine to stall
: as the result of heavy kswapd activity. I merged it back with this fix as
: it is pending in the -mm tree and it solves the issue we were seeing, so I
: definitely think this should be pushed to -stable (and I would seriously
: consider it for 2.6.37 inclusion even at this late date).
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reported-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Tested-by: Nicolas Bareil <nico@chdir.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.37.1, 2.6.36.x]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
NFS needs to be able to release objects that are stored in the page
cache once the page itself is no longer visible from the page cache.
This patch adds a callback to the address space operations that allows
filesystems to perform page cleanups once the page has been removed
from the page cache.
Original patch by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
[trondmy: cover the cases of invalidate_inode_pages2() and
truncate_inode_pages()]
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
nr_dirty and nr_congested are increased only when the page is dirty. So
if all pages are clean, both them will be zero. In this case, we should
not mark the zone congested.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When a page has PG_referenced, shrink_page_list() discards it only if it
is not dirty. This rule works fine if the backing filesystem is a regular
one. PG_dirty is a good signal that the page was used recently because
the flusher threads clean pages periodically. In addition, page writeback
is costlier than simple page discard.
However, when a page is on tmpfs this heuristic doesn't work because
flusher threads don't write back tmpfs pages. Consequently tmpfs pages
always rotate around the lru twice at least and adds unnecessary lru
churn. Simple tmpfs streaming io shouldn't cause large anonymous page
swap-out.
Remove this unncessary reclaim bonus of tmpfs pages.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If congestion_wait() is called with no BDI congested, the caller will
sleep for the full timeout and this may be an unnecessary sleep. This
patch adds a wait_iff_congested() that checks congestion and only sleeps
if a BDI is congested else, it calls cond_resched() to ensure the caller
is not hogging the CPU longer than its quota but otherwise will not sleep.
This is aimed at reducing some of the major desktop stalls reported during
IO. For example, while kswapd is operating, it calls congestion_wait()
but it could just have been reclaiming clean page cache pages with no
congestion. Without this patch, it would sleep for a full timeout but
after this patch, it'll just call schedule() if it has been on the CPU too
long. Similar logic applies to direct reclaimers that are not making
enough progress.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
isolate_lru_pages() does not just isolate LRU tail pages, but also
isolates neighbour pages of the eviction page. The neighbour search does
not stop even if neighbours cannot be isolated which is excessive as the
lumpy reclaim will no longer result in a successful higher order
allocation. This patch stops the PFN neighbour pages if an isolation
fails and moves on to the next block.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After synchrounous lumpy reclaim, the page_list is guaranteed to not have
active pages as page activation in shrink_page_list() disables lumpy
reclaim. Remove the dead code.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
shrink_page_list() can decide to give up reclaiming a page under a
number of conditions such as
1. trylock_page() failure
2. page is unevictable
3. zone reclaim and page is mapped
4. PageWriteback() is true
5. page is swapbacked and swap is full
6. add_to_swap() failure
7. page is dirty and gfpmask don't have GFP_IO, GFP_FS
8. page is pinned
9. IO queue is congested
10. pageout() start IO, but not finished
With lumpy reclaim, failures result in entering synchronous lumpy reclaim
but this can be unnecessary. In cases (2), (3), (5), (6), (7) and (8),
there is no point retrying. This patch causes lumpy reclaim to abort when
it is known it will fail.
Case (9) is more interesting. current behavior is,
1. start shrink_page_list(async)
2. found queue_congested()
3. skip pageout write
4. still start shrink_page_list(sync)
5. wait on a lot of pages
6. again, found queue_congested()
7. give up pageout write again
So, it's useless time wasting. However, just skipping page reclaim is
also notgood as x86 allocating a huge page needs 512 pages for example.
It can have more dirty pages than queue congestion threshold (~=128).
After this patch, pageout() behaves as follows;
- If order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER
Ignore queue congestion always.
- If order <= PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER
skip write page and disable lumpy reclaim.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
congestion_wait() means "wait until queue congestion is cleared".
However, synchronous lumpy reclaim does not need this congestion_wait() as
shrink_page_list(PAGEOUT_IO_SYNC) uses wait_on_page_writeback() and it
provides the necessary waiting.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There have been numerous reports of stalls that pointed at the problem
being somewhere in the VM. There are multiple roots to the problems which
means dealing with any of the root problems in isolation is tricky to
justify on their own and they would still need integration testing. This
patch series puts together two different patch sets which in combination
should tackle some of the root causes of latency problems being reported.
Patch 1 adds a tracepoint for shrink_inactive_list. For this series, the
most important results is being able to calculate the scanning/reclaim
ratio as a measure of the amount of work being done by page reclaim.
Patch 2 accounts for time spent in congestion_wait.
Patches 3-6 were originally developed by Kosaki Motohiro but reworked for
this series. It has been noted that lumpy reclaim is far too aggressive
and trashes the system somewhat. As SLUB uses high-order allocations, a
large cost incurred by lumpy reclaim will be noticeable. It was also
reported during transparent hugepage support testing that lumpy reclaim
was trashing the system and these patches should mitigate that problem
without disabling lumpy reclaim.
Patch 7 adds wait_iff_congested() and replaces some callers of
congestion_wait(). wait_iff_congested() only sleeps if there is a BDI
that is currently congested. Patch 8 notes that any BDI being congested
is not necessarily a problem because there could be multiple BDIs of
varying speeds and numberous zones. It attempts to track when a zone
being reclaimed contains many pages backed by a congested BDI and if so,
reclaimers wait on the congestion queue.
I ran a number of tests with monitoring on X86, X86-64 and PPC64. Each
machine had 3G of RAM and the CPUs were
X86: Intel P4 2-core
X86-64: AMD Phenom 4-core
PPC64: PPC970MP
Each used a single disk and the onboard IO controller. Dirty ratio was
left at 20. I'm just going to report for X86-64 and PPC64 in a vague
attempt to keep this report short. Four kernels were tested each based on
v2.6.36-rc4
traceonly-v2r2: Patches 1 and 2 to instrument vmscan reclaims and congestion_wait
lowlumpy-v2r3: Patches 1-6 to test if lumpy reclaim is better
waitcongest-v2r3: Patches 1-7 to only wait on congestion
waitwriteback-v2r4: Patches 1-8 to detect when a zone is congested
nocongest-v1r5: Patches 1-3 for testing wait_iff_congestion
nodirect-v1r5: Patches 1-10 to disable filesystem writeback for better IO
The tests run were as follows
kernbench
compile-based benchmark. Smoke test performance
sysbench
OLTP read-only benchmark. Will be re-run in the future as read-write
micro-mapped-file-stream
This is a micro-benchmark from Johannes Weiner that accesses a
large sparse-file through mmap(). It was configured to run in only
single-CPU mode but can be indicative of how well page reclaim
identifies suitable pages.
stress-highalloc
Tries to allocate huge pages under heavy load.
kernbench, iozone and sysbench did not report any performance regression
on any machine. sysbench did pressure the system lightly and there was
reclaim activity but there were no difference of major interest between
the kernels.
X86-64 micro-mapped-file-stream
traceonly-v2r2 lowlumpy-v2r3 waitcongest-v2r3 waitwriteback-v2r4
pgalloc_dma 1639.00 ( 0.00%) 667.00 (-145.73%) 1167.00 ( -40.45%) 578.00 (-183.56%)
pgalloc_dma32 2842410.00 ( 0.00%) 2842626.00 ( 0.01%) 2843043.00 ( 0.02%) 2843014.00 ( 0.02%)
pgalloc_normal 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
pgsteal_dma 729.00 ( 0.00%) 85.00 (-757.65%) 609.00 ( -19.70%) 125.00 (-483.20%)
pgsteal_dma32 2338721.00 ( 0.00%) 2447354.00 ( 4.44%) 2429536.00 ( 3.74%) 2436772.00 ( 4.02%)
pgsteal_normal 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
pgscan_kswapd_dma 1469.00 ( 0.00%) 532.00 (-176.13%) 1078.00 ( -36.27%) 220.00 (-567.73%)
pgscan_kswapd_dma32 4597713.00 ( 0.00%) 4503597.00 ( -2.09%) 4295673.00 ( -7.03%) 3891686.00 ( -18.14%)
pgscan_kswapd_normal 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
pgscan_direct_dma 71.00 ( 0.00%) 134.00 ( 47.01%) 243.00 ( 70.78%) 352.00 ( 79.83%)
pgscan_direct_dma32 305820.00 ( 0.00%) 280204.00 ( -9.14%) 600518.00 ( 49.07%) 957485.00 ( 68.06%)
pgscan_direct_normal 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
pageoutrun 16296.00 ( 0.00%) 21254.00 ( 23.33%) 18447.00 ( 11.66%) 20067.00 ( 18.79%)
allocstall 443.00 ( 0.00%) 273.00 ( -62.27%) 513.00 ( 13.65%) 1568.00 ( 71.75%)
These are based on the raw figures taken from /proc/vmstat. It's a rough
measure of reclaim activity. Note that allocstall counts are higher
because we are entering direct reclaim more often as a result of not
sleeping in congestion. In itself, it's not necessarily a bad thing.
It's easier to get a view of what happened from the vmscan tracepoint
report.
FTrace Reclaim Statistics: vmscan
traceonly-v2r2 lowlumpy-v2r3 waitcongest-v2r3 waitwriteback-v2r4
Direct reclaims 443 273 513 1568
Direct reclaim pages scanned 305968 280402 600825 957933
Direct reclaim pages reclaimed 43503 19005 30327 117191
Direct reclaim write file async I/O 0 0 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O 0 3 4 12
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0 0
Wake kswapd requests 187649 132338 191695 267701
Kswapd wakeups 3 1 4 1
Kswapd pages scanned 4599269 4454162 4296815 3891906
Kswapd pages reclaimed 2295947 2428434 2399818 2319706
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O 1 0 1 1
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O 59 187 41 222
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0 0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0 0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds) 4.34 2.52 6.63 2.96
Time kswapd awake (seconds) 11.15 10.25 11.01 10.19
Total pages scanned 4905237 4734564 4897640 4849839
Total pages reclaimed 2339450 2447439 2430145 2436897
%age total pages scanned/reclaimed 47.69% 51.69% 49.62% 50.25%
%age total pages scanned/written 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
%age file pages scanned/written 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim 29.23% 19.02% 38.48% 20.25%
Percentage Time kswapd Awake 78.58% 78.85% 76.83% 79.86%
What is interesting here for nocongest in particular is that while direct
reclaim scans more pages, the overall number of pages scanned remains the
same and the ratio of pages scanned to pages reclaimed is more or less the
same. In other words, while we are sleeping less, reclaim is not doing
more work and as direct reclaim and kswapd is awake for less time, it
would appear to be doing less work.
FTrace Reclaim Statistics: congestion_wait
Direct number congest waited 87 196 64 0
Direct time congest waited 4604ms 4732ms 5420ms 0ms
Direct full congest waited 72 145 53 0
Direct number conditional waited 0 0 324 1315
Direct time conditional waited 0ms 0ms 0ms 0ms
Direct full conditional waited 0 0 0 0
KSwapd number congest waited 20 10 15 7
KSwapd time congest waited 1264ms 536ms 884ms 284ms
KSwapd full congest waited 10 4 6 2
KSwapd number conditional waited 0 0 0 0
KSwapd time conditional waited 0ms 0ms 0ms 0ms
KSwapd full conditional waited 0 0 0 0
The vanilla kernel spent 8 seconds asleep in direct reclaim and no time at
all asleep with the patches.
MMTests Statistics: duration
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 10.51 10.73 10.6 11.66
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 14.19 13.00 14.33 12.76
Overall, the tests completed faster. It is interesting to note that backing off further
when a zone is congested and not just a BDI was more efficient overall.
PPC64 micro-mapped-file-stream
pgalloc_dma 3024660.00 ( 0.00%) 3027185.00 ( 0.08%) 3025845.00 ( 0.04%) 3026281.00 ( 0.05%)
pgalloc_normal 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
pgsteal_dma 2508073.00 ( 0.00%) 2565351.00 ( 2.23%) 2463577.00 ( -1.81%) 2532263.00 ( 0.96%)
pgsteal_normal 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
pgscan_kswapd_dma 4601307.00 ( 0.00%) 4128076.00 ( -11.46%) 3912317.00 ( -17.61%) 3377165.00 ( -36.25%)
pgscan_kswapd_normal 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
pgscan_direct_dma 629825.00 ( 0.00%) 971622.00 ( 35.18%) 1063938.00 ( 40.80%) 1711935.00 ( 63.21%)
pgscan_direct_normal 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%)
pageoutrun 27776.00 ( 0.00%) 20458.00 ( -35.77%) 18763.00 ( -48.04%) 18157.00 ( -52.98%)
allocstall 977.00 ( 0.00%) 2751.00 ( 64.49%) 2098.00 ( 53.43%) 5136.00 ( 80.98%)
Similar trends to x86-64. allocstalls are up but it's not necessarily bad.
FTrace Reclaim Statistics: vmscan
Direct reclaims 977 2709 2098 5136
Direct reclaim pages scanned 629825 963814 1063938 1711935
Direct reclaim pages reclaimed 75550 242538 150904 387647
Direct reclaim write file async I/O 0 0 0 2
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O 0 10 0 4
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0 0
Wake kswapd requests 392119 1201712 571935 571921
Kswapd wakeups 3 2 3 3
Kswapd pages scanned 4601307 4128076 3912317 3377165
Kswapd pages reclaimed 2432523 2318797 2312673 2144616
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O 20 1 1 1
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O 57 132 11 121
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0 0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0 0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds) 6.19 7.30 13.04 10.88
Time kswapd awake (seconds) 21.73 26.51 25.55 23.90
Total pages scanned 5231132 5091890 4976255 5089100
Total pages reclaimed 2508073 2561335 2463577 2532263
%age total pages scanned/reclaimed 47.95% 50.30% 49.51% 49.76%
%age total pages scanned/written 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
%age file pages scanned/written 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim 18.89% 20.65% 32.65% 27.65%
Percentage Time kswapd Awake 72.39% 80.68% 78.21% 77.40%
Again, a similar trend that the congestion_wait changes mean that direct
reclaim scans more pages but the overall number of pages scanned while
slightly reduced, are very similar. The ratio of scanning/reclaimed
remains roughly similar. The downside is that kswapd and direct reclaim
was awake longer and for a larger percentage of the overall workload.
It's possible there were big differences in the amount of time spent
reclaiming slab pages between the different kernels which is plausible
considering that the micro tests runs after fsmark and sysbench.
Trace Reclaim Statistics: congestion_wait
Direct number congest waited 845 1312 104 0
Direct time congest waited 19416ms 26560ms 7544ms 0ms
Direct full congest waited 745 1105 72 0
Direct number conditional waited 0 0 1322 2935
Direct time conditional waited 0ms 0ms 12ms 312ms
Direct full conditional waited 0 0 0 3
KSwapd number congest waited 39 102 75 63
KSwapd time congest waited 2484ms 6760ms 5756ms 3716ms
KSwapd full congest waited 20 48 46 25
KSwapd number conditional waited 0 0 0 0
KSwapd time conditional waited 0ms 0ms 0ms 0ms
KSwapd full conditional waited 0 0 0 0
The vanilla kernel spent 20 seconds asleep in direct reclaim and only
312ms asleep with the patches. The time kswapd spent congest waited was
also reduced by a large factor.
MMTests Statistics: duration
ser/Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 26.58 28.05 26.9 28.47
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 30.02 32.86 32.67 30.88
With all patches applies, the completion times are very similar.
X86-64 STRESS-HIGHALLOC
traceonly-v2r2 lowlumpy-v2r3 waitcongest-v2r3waitwriteback-v2r4
Pass 1 82.00 ( 0.00%) 84.00 ( 2.00%) 85.00 ( 3.00%) 85.00 ( 3.00%)
Pass 2 90.00 ( 0.00%) 87.00 (-3.00%) 88.00 (-2.00%) 89.00 (-1.00%)
At Rest 92.00 ( 0.00%) 90.00 (-2.00%) 90.00 (-2.00%) 91.00 (-1.00%)
Success figures across the board are broadly similar.
traceonly-v2r2 lowlumpy-v2r3 waitcongest-v2r3waitwriteback-v2r4
Direct reclaims 1045 944 886 887
Direct reclaim pages scanned 135091 119604 109382 101019
Direct reclaim pages reclaimed 88599 47535 47863 46671
Direct reclaim write file async I/O 494 283 465 280
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O 29357 13710 16656 13462
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O 154 2 2 3
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O 14594 571 509 561
Wake kswapd requests 7491 933 872 892
Kswapd wakeups 814 778 731 780
Kswapd pages scanned 7290822 15341158 11916436 13703442
Kswapd pages reclaimed 3587336 3142496 3094392 3187151
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O 91975 32317 28022 29628
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O 1992022 789307 829745 849769
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0 0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0 0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds) 4588.93 2467.16 2495.41 2547.07
Time kswapd awake (seconds) 2497.66 1020.16 1098.06 1176.82
Total pages scanned 7425913 15460762 12025818 13804461
Total pages reclaimed 3675935 3190031 3142255 3233822
%age total pages scanned/reclaimed 49.50% 20.63% 26.13% 23.43%
%age total pages scanned/written 28.66% 5.41% 7.28% 6.47%
%age file pages scanned/written 1.25% 0.21% 0.24% 0.22%
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim 57.33% 42.15% 42.41% 42.99%
Percentage Time kswapd Awake 43.56% 27.87% 29.76% 31.25%
Scanned/reclaimed ratios again look good with big improvements in
efficiency. The Scanned/written ratios also look much improved. With a
better scanned/written ration, there is an expectation that IO would be
more efficient and indeed, the time spent in direct reclaim is much
reduced by the full series and kswapd spends a little less time awake.
Overall, indications here are that allocations were happening much faster
and this can be seen with a graph of the latency figures as the
allocations were taking place
http://www.csn.ul.ie/~mel/postings/vmscanreduce-20101509/highalloc-interlatency-hydra-mean.ps
FTrace Reclaim Statistics: congestion_wait
Direct number congest waited 1333 204 169 4
Direct time congest waited 78896ms 8288ms 7260ms 200ms
Direct full congest waited 756 92 69 2
Direct number conditional waited 0 0 26 186
Direct time conditional waited 0ms 0ms 0ms 2504ms
Direct full conditional waited 0 0 0 25
KSwapd number congest waited 4 395 227 282
KSwapd time congest waited 384ms 25136ms 10508ms 18380ms
KSwapd full congest waited 3 232 98 176
KSwapd number conditional waited 0 0 0 0
KSwapd time conditional waited 0ms 0ms 0ms 0ms
KSwapd full conditional waited 0 0 0 0
KSwapd full conditional waited 318 0 312 9
Overall, the time spent speeping is reduced. kswapd is still hitting
congestion_wait() but that is because there are callers remaining where it
wasn't clear in advance if they should be changed to wait_iff_congested()
or not. Overall the sleep imes are reduced though - from 79ish seconds to
about 19.
MMTests Statistics: duration
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 3415.43 3386.65 3388.39 3377.5
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 5733.48 3660.33 3689.41 3765.39
With the full series, the time to complete the tests are reduced by 30%
PPC64 STRESS-HIGHALLOC
traceonly-v2r2 lowlumpy-v2r3 waitcongest-v2r3waitwriteback-v2r4
Pass 1 17.00 ( 0.00%) 34.00 (17.00%) 38.00 (21.00%) 43.00 (26.00%)
Pass 2 25.00 ( 0.00%) 37.00 (12.00%) 42.00 (17.00%) 46.00 (21.00%)
At Rest 49.00 ( 0.00%) 43.00 (-6.00%) 45.00 (-4.00%) 51.00 ( 2.00%)
Success rates there are *way* up particularly considering that the 16MB
huge pages on PPC64 mean that it's always much harder to allocate them.
FTrace Reclaim Statistics: vmscan
stress-highalloc stress-highalloc stress-highalloc stress-highalloc
traceonly-v2r2 lowlumpy-v2r3 waitcongest-v2r3waitwriteback-v2r4
Direct reclaims 499 505 564 509
Direct reclaim pages scanned 223478 41898 51818 45605
Direct reclaim pages reclaimed 137730 21148 27161 23455
Direct reclaim write file async I/O 399 136 162 136
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O 46977 2865 4686 3998
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O 29 0 1 3
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O 31023 159 237 239
Wake kswapd requests 420 351 360 326
Kswapd wakeups 185 294 249 277
Kswapd pages scanned 15703488 16392500 17821724 17598737
Kswapd pages reclaimed 5808466 2908858 3139386 3145435
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O 159938 18400 18717 13473
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O 3467554 228957 322799 234278
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0 0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0 0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds) 9665.35 1707.81 2374.32 1871.23
Time kswapd awake (seconds) 9401.21 1367.86 1951.75 1328.88
Total pages scanned 15926966 16434398 17873542 17644342
Total pages reclaimed 5946196 2930006 3166547 3168890
%age total pages scanned/reclaimed 37.33% 17.83% 17.72% 17.96%
%age total pages scanned/written 23.27% 1.52% 1.94% 1.43%
%age file pages scanned/written 1.01% 0.11% 0.11% 0.08%
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim 44.55% 35.10% 41.42% 36.91%
Percentage Time kswapd Awake 86.71% 43.58% 52.67% 41.14%
While the scanning rates are slightly up, the scanned/reclaimed and
scanned/written figures are much improved. The time spent in direct
reclaim and with kswapd are massively reduced, mostly by the lowlumpy
patches.
FTrace Reclaim Statistics: congestion_wait
Direct number congest waited 725 303 126 3
Direct time congest waited 45524ms 9180ms 5936ms 300ms
Direct full congest waited 487 190 52 3
Direct number conditional waited 0 0 200 301
Direct time conditional waited 0ms 0ms 0ms 1904ms
Direct full conditional waited 0 0 0 19
KSwapd number congest waited 0 2 23 4
KSwapd time congest waited 0ms 200ms 420ms 404ms
KSwapd full congest waited 0 2 2 4
KSwapd number conditional waited 0 0 0 0
KSwapd time conditional waited 0ms 0ms 0ms 0ms
KSwapd full conditional waited 0 0 0 0
Not as dramatic a story here but the time spent asleep is reduced and we
can still see what wait_iff_congested is going to sleep when necessary.
MMTests Statistics: duration
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 12028.09 3157.17 3357.79 3199.16
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 10842.07 3138.72 3705.54 3229.85
The time to complete this test goes way down. With the full series, we
are allocating over twice the number of huge pages in 30% of the time and
there is a corresponding impact on the allocation latency graph available
at.
http://www.csn.ul.ie/~mel/postings/vmscanreduce-20101509/highalloc-interlatency-powyah-mean.ps
This patch:
Add a trace event for shrink_inactive_list() and updates the sample
postprocessing script appropriately. It can be used to determine how many
pages were reclaimed and for non-lumpy reclaim where exactly the pages
were reclaimed from.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
`priority' cannot be negative here. And the comment is obsolete.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Ying Han reported that backing aging of anon pages in no swap system
causes unnecessary TLB flush.
When I sent a patch(69c8548175), I wanted this patch but Rik pointed out
and allowed aging of anon pages to give a chance to promote from inactive
to active LRU.
It has a two problem.
1) non-swap system
Never make sense to age anon pages.
2) swap configured but still doesn't swapon
It doesn't make sense to age anon pages until swap-on time. But it's
arguable. If we have aged anon pages by swapon, VM have moved anon pages
from active to inactive. And in the time swapon by admin, the VM can't
reclaim hot pages so we can protect hot pages swapout.
But let's think about it. When does swap-on happen? It depends on admin.
we can't expect it. Nonetheless, we have done aging of anon pages to
protect hot pages swapout. It means we lost run time overhead when below
high watermark but gain hot page swap-[in/out] overhead when VM decide
swapout. Is it true? Let's think more detail. We don't promote anon
pages in case of non-swap system. So even though VM does aging of anon
pages, the pages would be in inactive LRU for a long time. It means many
of pages in there would mark access bit again. So access bit hot/code
separation would be pointless.
This patch prevents unnecessary anon pages demotion in not-yet-swapon and
non-configured swap system. Even, in non-configuared swap system
inactive_anon_is_low can be compiled out.
It could make side effect that hot anon pages could swap out when admin
does swap on. But I think sooner or later it would be steady state. So
it's not a big problem.
We could lose someting but gain more thing(TLB flush and unnecessary
function call to demote anon pages).
Signed-off-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Non-NUMA systems do never create these files anyway, since they are only
created by driver subsystem when NUMA is configured.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanup]
Signed-off-by: Thadeu Lima de Souza Cascardo <cascardo@holoscopio.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This removes more dead code that was somehow missed by commit 0d99519efe
(writeback: remove unused nonblocking and congestion checks). There are
no behavior change except for the removal of two entries from one of the
ext4 tracing interface.
The nonblocking checks in ->writepages are no longer used because the
flusher now prefer to block on get_request_wait() than to skip inodes on
IO congestion. The latter will lead to more seeky IO.
The nonblocking checks in ->writepage are no longer used because it's
redundant with the WB_SYNC_NONE check.
We no long set ->nonblocking in VM page out and page migration, because
a) it's effectively redundant with WB_SYNC_NONE in current code
b) it's old semantic of "Don't get stuck on request queues" is mis-behavior:
that would skip some dirty inodes on congestion and page out others, which
is unfair in terms of LRU age.
Inspired by Christoph Hellwig. Thanks!
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
Cc: Steve French <sfrench@samba.org>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
M. Vefa Bicakci reported 2.6.35 kernel hang up when hibernation on his
32bit 3GB mem machine.
(https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16771). Also he bisected
the regression to
commit bb21c7ce18
Author: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Date: Fri Jun 4 14:15:05 2010 -0700
vmscan: fix do_try_to_free_pages() return value when priority==0 reclaim failure
At first impression, this seemed very strange because the above commit
only chenged function return value and hibernate_preallocate_memory()
ignore return value of shrink_all_memory(). But it's related.
Now, page allocation from hibernation code may enter infinite loop if the
system has highmem. The reasons are that vmscan don't care enough OOM
case when oom_killer_disabled.
The problem sequence is following as.
1. hibernation
2. oom_disable
3. alloc_pages
4. do_try_to_free_pages
if (scanning_global_lru(sc) && !all_unreclaimable)
return 1;
If kswapd is not freozen, it would set zone->all_unreclaimable to 1 and
then shrink_zones maybe return true(ie, all_unreclaimable is true). So at
last, alloc_pages could go to _nopage_. If it is, it should have no
problem.
This patch adds all_unreclaimable check to protect in direct reclaim path,
too. It can care of hibernation OOM case and help bailout
all_unreclaimable case slightly.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reported-by: M. Vefa Bicakci <bicave@superonline.com>
Reported-by: <caiqian@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Tested-by: <caiqian@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim() has zone, nid and zid argument. but nid
and zid can be calculated from zone. So remove it.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Nishimura Daisuke <d-nishimura@mtf.biglobe.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently mem_cgroup_shrink_node_zone() call shrink_zone() directly. thus
it doesn't need to initialize sc.nodemask because shrink_zone() doesn't
use it at all.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Nishimura Daisuke <d-nishimura@mtf.biglobe.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, mem_cgroup_shrink_node_zone() initialize sc.nr_to_reclaim as 0.
It mean shrink_zone() only scan 32 pages and immediately return even if
it doesn't reclaim any pages.
This patch fixes it.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Nishimura Daisuke <d-nishimura@mtf.biglobe.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix "system goes unresponsive under memory pressure and lots of
dirty/writeback pages" bug.
http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/4/4/86
In the above thread, Andreas Mohr described that
Invoking any command locked up for minutes (note that I'm
talking about attempted additional I/O to the _other_,
_unaffected_ main system HDD - such as loading some shell
binaries -, NOT the external SSD18M!!).
This happens when the two conditions are both meet:
- under memory pressure
- writing heavily to a slow device
OOM also happens in Andreas' system. The OOM trace shows that 3 processes
are stuck in wait_on_page_writeback() in the direct reclaim path. One in
do_fork() and the other two in unix_stream_sendmsg(). They are blocked on
this condition:
(sc->order && priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2)
which was introduced in commit 78dc583d (vmscan: low order lumpy reclaim
also should use PAGEOUT_IO_SYNC) one year ago. That condition may be too
permissive. In Andreas' case, 512MB/1024 = 512KB. If the direct reclaim
for the order-1 fork() allocation runs into a range of 512KB
hard-to-reclaim LRU pages, it will be stalled.
It's a severe problem in three ways.
Firstly, it can easily happen in daily desktop usage. vmscan priority can
easily go below (DEF_PRIORITY - 2) on _local_ memory pressure. Even if
the system has 50% globally reclaimable pages, it still has good
opportunity to have 0.1% sized hard-to-reclaim ranges. For example, a
simple dd can easily create a big range (up to 20%) of dirty pages in the
LRU lists. And order-1 to order-3 allocations are more than common with
SLUB. Try "grep -v '1 :' /proc/slabinfo" to get the list of high order
slab caches. For example, the order-1 radix_tree_node slab cache may
stall applications at swap-in time; the order-3 inode cache on most
filesystems may stall applications when trying to read some file; the
order-2 proc_inode_cache may stall applications when trying to open a
/proc file.
Secondly, once triggered, it will stall unrelated processes (not doing IO
at all) in the system. This "one slow USB device stalls the whole system"
avalanching effect is very bad.
Thirdly, once stalled, the stall time could be intolerable long for the
users. When there are 20MB queued writeback pages and USB 1.1 is writing
them in 1MB/s, wait_on_page_writeback() will stuck for up to 20 seconds.
Not to mention it may be called multiple times.
So raise the bar to only enable PAGEOUT_IO_SYNC when priority goes below
DEF_PRIORITY/3, or 6.25% LRU size. As the default dirty throttle ratio is
20%, it will hardly be triggered by pure dirty pages. We'd better treat
PAGEOUT_IO_SYNC as some last resort workaround -- its stall time is so
uncomfortably long (easily goes beyond 1s).
The bar is only raised for (order < PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER) allocations,
which are easy to satisfy in 1TB memory boxes. So, although 6.25% of
memory could be an awful lot of pages to scan on a system with 1TB of
memory, it won't really have to busy scan that much.
Andreas tested an older version of this patch and reported that it mostly
fixed his problem. Mel Gorman helped improve it and KOSAKI Motohiro will
fix it further in the next patch.
Reported-by: Andreas Mohr <andi@lisas.de>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Memcg also need to trace reclaim progress as direct reclaim. This patch
add it.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Presently shrink_slab() has the following scanning equation.
lru_scanned max_pass
basic_scan_objects = 4 x ------------- x -----------------------------
lru_pages shrinker->seeks (default:2)
scan_objects = min(basic_scan_objects, max_pass * 2)
If we pass very small value as lru_pages instead real number of lru pages,
shrink_slab() drop much objects rather than necessary. And now,
__zone_reclaim() pass 'order' as lru_pages by mistake. That produces a
bad result.
For example, if we receive very low memory pressure (scan = 32, order =
0), shrink_slab() via zone_reclaim() always drop _all_ icache/dcache
objects. (see above equation, very small lru_pages make very big
scan_objects result).
This patch fixes it.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix layout, typos]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rik van Riel pointed out reading reclaim_stat should be protected
lru_lock, otherwise vmscan might sweep 2x much pages.
This fault was introduced by
commit 4f98a2fee8
Author: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Date: Sat Oct 18 20:26:32 2008 -0700
vmscan: split LRU lists into anon & file sets
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
'slab_reclaimable' and 'nr_pages' are unsigned. Subtraction is unsafe
because negative results would be misinterpreted.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When shrink_inactive_list() isolates pages, it updates a number of
counters using temporary variables to gather them. These consume stack
and it's in the main path that calls ->writepage(). This patch moves the
accounting updates outside of the main path to reduce stack usage.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
shrink_page_list() sets up a pagevec to release pages as according as they
are free. It uses significant amounts of stack on the pagevec. This
patch adds pages to be freed via pagevec to a linked list which is then
freed en-masse at the end. This avoids using stack in the main path that
potentially calls writepage().
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
shrink_inactive_list() sets up a pagevec to release unfreeable pages. It
uses significant amounts of stack doing this. This patch splits
shrink_inactive_list() to take the stack usage out of the main path so
that callers to writepage() do not contain an unused pagevec on the stack.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Remove temporary variable that is only used once and does not help clarify
code.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now, max_scan of shrink_inactive_list() is always passed less than
SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX. then, we can remove scanning pages loop in it. This
patch also help stack diet.
detail
- remove "while (nr_scanned < max_scan)" loop
- remove nr_freed (now, we use nr_reclaimed directly)
- remove nr_scan (now, we use nr_scanned directly)
- rename max_scan to nr_to_scan
- pass nr_to_scan into isolate_pages() directly instead
using SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since 2.6.28 zone->prev_priority is unused. Then it can be removed
safely. It reduce stack usage slightly.
Now I have to say that I'm sorry. 2 years ago, I thought prev_priority
can be integrate again, it's useful. but four (or more) times trying
haven't got good performance number. Thus I give up such approach.
The rest of this changelog is notes on prev_priority and why it existed in
the first place and why it might be not necessary any more. This information
is based heavily on discussions between Andrew Morton, Rik van Riel and
Kosaki Motohiro who is heavily quotes from.
Historically prev_priority was important because it determined when the VM
would start unmapping PTE pages. i.e. there are no balances of note within
the VM, Anon vs File and Mapped vs Unmapped. Without prev_priority, there
is a potential risk of unnecessarily increasing minor faults as a large
amount of read activity of use-once pages could push mapped pages to the
end of the LRU and get unmapped.
There is no proof this is still a problem but currently it is not considered
to be. Active files are not deactivated if the active file list is smaller
than the inactive list reducing the liklihood that file-mapped pages are
being pushed off the LRU and referenced executable pages are kept on the
active list to avoid them getting pushed out by read activity.
Even if it is a problem, prev_priority prev_priority wouldn't works
nowadays. First of all, current vmscan still a lot of UP centric code. it
expose some weakness on some dozens CPUs machine. I think we need more and
more improvement.
The problem is, current vmscan mix up per-system-pressure, per-zone-pressure
and per-task-pressure a bit. example, prev_priority try to boost priority to
other concurrent priority. but if the another task have mempolicy restriction,
it is unnecessary, but also makes wrong big latency and exceeding reclaim.
per-task based priority + prev_priority adjustment make the emulation of
per-system pressure. but it have two issue 1) too rough and brutal emulation
2) we need per-zone pressure, not per-system.
Another example, currently DEF_PRIORITY is 12. it mean the lru rotate about
2 cycle (1/4096 + 1/2048 + 1/1024 + .. + 1) before invoking OOM-Killer.
but if 10,0000 thrreads enter DEF_PRIORITY reclaim at the same time, the
system have higher memory pressure than priority==0 (1/4096*10,000 > 2).
prev_priority can't solve such multithreads workload issue. In other word,
prev_priority concept assume the sysmtem don't have lots threads."
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a trace event for when page reclaim queues a page for IO and records
whether it is synchronous or asynchronous. Excessive synchronous IO for a
process can result in noticeable stalls during direct reclaim. Excessive
IO from page reclaim may indicate that the system is seriously under
provisioned for the amount of dirty pages that exist.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add an event for when pages are isolated en-masse from the LRU lists.
This event augments the information available on LRU traffic and can be
used to evaluate lumpy reclaim.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add two trace events for kswapd waking up and going asleep for the
purposes of tracking kswapd activity and two trace events for direct
reclaim beginning and ending. The information can be used to work out how
much time a process or the system is spending on the reclamation of pages
and in the case of direct reclaim, how many pages were reclaimed for that
process. High frequency triggering of these events could point to memory
pressure problems.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
shrink_zones() need relatively long time and lru_pages can change
dramatically during shrink_zones(). So lru_pages should be recalculated
for each priority.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Swap token don't works when zone reclaim is enabled since it was born.
Because __zone_reclaim() always call disable_swap_token() unconditionally.
This kill swap token feature completely. As far as I know, nobody want to
that. Remove it.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We need lock_page_nosync() here because we have no reference to the
mapping when taking the page lock.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The current shrinker implementation requires the registered callback
to have global state to work from. This makes it difficult to shrink
caches that are not global (e.g. per-filesystem caches). Pass the shrinker
structure to the callback so that users can embed the shrinker structure
in the context the shrinker needs to operate on and get back to it in the
callback via container_of().
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Greg Thelen reported recent Johannes's stack diet patch makes kernel hang.
His test is following.
mount -t cgroup none /cgroups -o memory
mkdir /cgroups/cg1
echo $$ > /cgroups/cg1/tasks
dd bs=1024 count=1024 if=/dev/null of=/data/foo
echo $$ > /cgroups/tasks
echo 1 > /cgroups/cg1/memory.force_empty
Actually, This OOM hard to try logic have been corrupted since following
two years old patch.
commit a41f24ea9f
Author: Nishanth Aravamudan <nacc@us.ibm.com>
Date: Tue Apr 29 00:58:25 2008 -0700
page allocator: smarter retry of costly-order allocations
Original intention was "return success if the system have shrinkable zones
though priority==0 reclaim was failure". But the above patch changed to
"return nr_reclaimed if .....". Oh, That forgot nr_reclaimed may be 0 if
priority==0 reclaim failure.
And Johannes's patch 0aeb2339e5 ("vmscan: remove all_unreclaimable scan
control") made it more corrupt. Originally, priority==0 reclaim failure
on memcg return 0, but this patch changed to return 1. It totally
confused memcg.
This patch fixes it completely.
Reported-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Acked-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For now, we have global isolation vs. memory control group isolation, do
not allow the reclaim entry function to set an arbitrary page isolation
callback, we do not need that flexibility.
And since we already pass around the group descriptor for the memory
control group isolation case, just use it to decide which one of the two
isolator functions to use.
The decisions can be merged into nearby branches, so no extra cost there.
In fact, we save the indirect calls.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This scan control is abused to communicate a return value from
shrink_zones(). Write this idiomatically and remove the knob.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If vmscan is under lumpy reclaim mode, it have to ignore referenced bit
for making contenious free pages. but current page_check_references()
doesn't.
Fix it.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
get_scan_ratio() calculates percentage and if the percentage is < 1%, it
will round percentage down to 0% and cause we completely ignore scanning
anon/file pages to reclaim memory even the total anon/file pages are very
big.
To avoid underflow, we don't use percentage, instead we directly calculate
how many pages should be scaned. In this way, we should get several
scanned pages for < 1% percent.
This has some benefits:
1. increase our calculation precision
2. making our scan more smoothly. Without this, if percent[x] is
underflow, shrink_zone() doesn't scan any pages and suddenly it scans
all pages when priority is zero. With this, even priority isn't zero,
shrink_zone() gets chance to scan some pages.
Note, this patch doesn't really change logics, but just increase
precision. For system with a lot of memory, this might slightly changes
behavior. For example, in a sequential file read workload, without the
patch, we don't swap any anon pages. With it, if anon memory size is
bigger than 16G, we will see one anon page swapped. The 16G is calculated
as PAGE_SIZE * priority(4096) * (fp/ap). fp/ap is assumed to be 1024
which is common in this workload. So the impact sounds not a big deal.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Before applying this patch, cpuset updates task->mems_allowed and
mempolicy by setting all new bits in the nodemask first, and clearing all
old unallowed bits later. But in the way, the allocator may find that
there is no node to alloc memory.
The reason is that cpuset rebinds the task's mempolicy, it cleans the
nodes which the allocater can alloc pages on, for example:
(mpol: mempolicy)
task1 task1's mpol task2
alloc page 1
alloc on node0? NO 1
1 change mems from 1 to 0
1 rebind task1's mpol
0-1 set new bits
0 clear disallowed bits
alloc on node1? NO 0
...
can't alloc page
goto oom
This patch fixes this problem by expanding the nodes range first(set newly
allowed bits) and shrink it lazily(clear newly disallowed bits). So we
use a variable to tell the write-side task that read-side task is reading
nodemask, and the write-side task clears newly disallowed nodes after
read-side task ends the current memory allocation.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix spello]
Signed-off-by: Miao Xie <miaox@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Ravikiran Thirumalai <kiran@scalex86.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Shaohua Li reported his tmpfs streaming I/O test can lead to make oom.
The test uses a 6G tmpfs in a system with 3G memory. In the tmpfs, there
are 6 copies of kernel source and the test does kbuild for each copy. His
investigation shows the test has a lot of rotated anon pages and quite few
file pages, so get_scan_ratio calculates percent[0] (i.e. scanning
percent for anon) to be zero. Actually the percent[0] shoule be a big
value, but our calculation round it to zero.
Although before commit 84b18490 ("vmscan: get_scan_ratio() cleanup") , we
have the same problem too. But the old logic can rescue percent[0]==0
case only when priority==0. It had hided the real issue. I didn't think
merely streaming io can makes percent[0]==0 && priority==0 situation. but
I was wrong.
So, definitely we have to fix such tmpfs streaming io issue. but anyway I
revert the regression commit at first.
This reverts commit 84b18490d1.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reported-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.
percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.
http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py
The script does the followings.
* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used,
gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.
* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains
core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
doesn't seem to be any matching order.
* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
file.
The conversion was done in the following steps.
1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400
files.
2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion,
some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added
inclusions to around 150 files.
3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.
4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.
5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h
inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each
slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
necessary.
6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.
7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).
* x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
* powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
* sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
* ia64 SMP allmodconfig
* s390 SMP allmodconfig
* alpha SMP allmodconfig
* um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig
8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
a separate patch and serve as bisection point.
Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
The VM currently assumes that an inactive, mapped and referenced file page
is in use and promotes it to the active list.
However, every mapped file page starts out like this and thus a problem
arises when workloads create a stream of such pages that are used only for
a short time. By flooding the active list with those pages, the VM
quickly gets into trouble finding eligible reclaim canditates. The result
is long allocation latencies and eviction of the wrong pages.
This patch reuses the PG_referenced page flag (used for unmapped file
pages) to implement a usage detection that scales with the speed of LRU
list cycling (i.e. memory pressure).
If the scanner encounters those pages, the flag is set and the page cycled
again on the inactive list. Only if it returns with another page table
reference it is activated. Otherwise it is reclaimed as 'not recently
used cache'.
This effectively changes the minimum lifetime of a used-once mapped file
page from a full memory cycle to an inactive list cycle, which allows it
to occur in linear streams without affecting the stable working set of the
system.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: OSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
page_mapping_inuse() is a historic predicate function for pages that are
about to be reclaimed or deactivated.
According to it, a page is in use when it is mapped into page tables OR
part of swap cache OR backing an mmapped file.
This function is used in combination with page_referenced(), which checks
for young bits in ptes and the page descriptor itself for the
PG_referenced bit. Thus, checking for unmapped swap cache pages is
meaningless as PG_referenced is not set for anonymous pages and unmapped
pages do not have young ptes. The test makes no difference.
Protecting file pages that are not by themselves mapped but are part of a
mapped file is also a historic leftover for short-lived things like the
exec() code in libc. However, the VM now does reference accounting and
activation of pages at unmap time and thus the special treatment on
reclaim is obsolete.
This patch drops page_mapping_inuse() and switches the two callsites to
use page_mapped() directly.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: OSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The used-once mapped file page detection patchset.
It is meant to help workloads with large amounts of shortly used file
mappings, like rtorrent hashing a file or git when dealing with loose
objects (git gc on a bigger site?).
Right now, the VM activates referenced mapped file pages on first
encounter on the inactive list and it takes a full memory cycle to
reclaim them again. When those pages dominate memory, the system
no longer has a meaningful notion of 'working set' and is required
to give up the active list to make reclaim progress. Obviously,
this results in rather bad scanning latencies and the wrong pages
being reclaimed.
This patch makes the VM be more careful about activating mapped file
pages in the first place. The minimum granted lifetime without
another memory access becomes an inactive list cycle instead of the
full memory cycle, which is more natural given the mentioned loads.
This test resembles a hashing rtorrent process. Sequentially, 32MB
chunks of a file are mapped into memory, hashed (sha1) and unmapped
again. While this happens, every 5 seconds a process is launched and
its execution time taken:
python2.4 -c 'import pydoc'
old: max=2.31s mean=1.26s (0.34)
new: max=1.25s mean=0.32s (0.32)
find /etc -type f
old: max=2.52s mean=1.44s (0.43)
new: max=1.92s mean=0.12s (0.17)
vim -c ':quit'
old: max=6.14s mean=4.03s (0.49)
new: max=3.48s mean=2.41s (0.25)
mplayer --help
old: max=8.08s mean=5.74s (1.02)
new: max=3.79s mean=1.32s (0.81)
overall hash time (stdev):
old: time=1192.30 (12.85) thruput=25.78mb/s (0.27)
new: time=1060.27 (32.58) thruput=29.02mb/s (0.88) (-11%)
I also tested kernbench with regular IO streaming in the background to
see whether the delayed activation of frequently used mapped file
pages had a negative impact on performance in the presence of pressure
on the inactive list. The patch made no significant difference in
timing, neither for kernbench nor for the streaming IO throughput.
The first patch submission raised concerns about the cost of the extra
faults for actually activated pages on machines that have no hardware
support for young page table entries.
I created an artificial worst case scenario on an ARM machine with
around 300MHz and 64MB of memory to figure out the dimensions
involved. The test would mmap a file of 20MB, then
1. touch all its pages to fault them in
2. force one full scan cycle on the inactive file LRU
-- old: mapping pages activated
-- new: mapping pages inactive
3. touch the mapping pages again
-- old and new: fault exceptions to set the young bits
4. force another full scan cycle on the inactive file LRU
5. touch the mapping pages one last time
-- new: fault exceptions to set the young bits
The test showed an overall increase of 6% in time over 100 iterations
of the above (old: ~212sec, new: ~225sec). 13 secs total overhead /
(100 * 5k pages), ignoring the execution time of the test itself,
makes for about 25us overhead for every page that gets actually
activated. Note:
1. File mapping the size of one third of main memory, _completely_
in active use across memory pressure - i.e., most pages referenced
within one LRU cycle. This should be rare to non-existant,
especially on such embedded setups.
2. Many huge activation batches. Those batches only occur when the
working set fluctuates. If it changes completely between every full
LRU cycle, you have problematic reclaim overhead anyway.
3. Access of activated pages at maximum speed: sequential loads from
every single page without doing anything in between. In reality,
the extra faults will get distributed between actual operations on
the data.
So even if a workload manages to get the VM into the situation of
activating a third of memory in one go on such a setup, it will take
2.2 seconds instead 2.1 without the patch.
Comparing the numbers (and my user-experience over several months),
I think this change is an overall improvement to the VM.
Patch 1 is only refactoring to break up that ugly compound conditional
in shrink_page_list() and make it easy to document and add new checks
in a readable fashion.
Patch 2 gets rid of the obsolete page_mapping_inuse(). It's not
strictly related to #3, but it was in the original submission and is a
net simplification, so I kept it.
Patch 3 implements used-once detection of mapped file pages.
This patch:
Moving the big conditional into its own predicate function makes the code
a bit easier to read and allows for better commenting on the checks
one-by-one.
This is just cleaning up, no semantics should have been changed.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: OSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
commit e815af95 ("change all_unreclaimable zone member to flags") changed
all_unreclaimable member to bit flag. But it had an undesireble side
effect. free_one_page() is one of most hot path in linux kernel and
increasing atomic ops in it can reduce kernel performance a bit.
Thus, this patch revert such commit partially. at least
all_unreclaimable shouldn't share memory word with other zone flags.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix patch interaction]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Huang Shijie <shijie8@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit cf40bd16fd ("lockdep: annotate reclaim context") introduced reclaim
context annotation. But it didn't annotate zone reclaim. This patch do
it.
The point is, commit cf40bd16fd annotate __alloc_pages_direct_reclaim but
zone-reclaim doesn't use __alloc_pages_direct_reclaim.
current call graph is
__alloc_pages_nodemask
get_page_from_freelist
zone_reclaim()
__alloc_pages_slowpath
__alloc_pages_direct_reclaim
try_to_free_pages
Actually, if zone_reclaim_mode=1, VM never call
__alloc_pages_direct_reclaim in usual VM pressure.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The get_scan_ratio() should have all scan-ratio related calculations.
Thus, this patch move some calculation into get_scan_ratio.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Kswapd checks that zone has sufficient pages free via zone_watermark_ok().
If any zone doesn't have enough pages, we set all_zones_ok to zero.
!all_zone_ok makes kswapd retry rather than sleeping.
I think the watermark check before shrink_zone() is pointless. Only after
kswapd has tried to shrink the zone is the check meaningful.
Move the check to after the call to shrink_zone().
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix comment, layout]
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit f50de2d3 (vmscan: have kswapd sleep for a short interval and double
check it should be asleep) can cause kswapd to enter an infinite loop if
running on a single-CPU system. If all zones are unreclaimble,
sleeping_prematurely return 1 and kswapd will call balance_pgdat() again.
but it's totally meaningless, balance_pgdat() doesn't anything against
unreclaimable zone!
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reported-by: Will Newton <will.newton@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Will Newton <will.newton@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In AIM7 runs, recent kernels start swapping out anonymous pages well
before they should. This is due to shrink_list falling through to
shrink_inactive_list if !inactive_anon_is_low(zone, sc), when all we
really wanted to do is pre-age some anonymous pages to give them extra
time to be referenced while on the inactive list.
The obvious fix is to make sure that shrink_list does not fall through to
scanning/reclaiming inactive pages when we called it to scan one of the
active lists.
This change should be safe because the loop in shrink_zone ensures that we
will still shrink the anon and file inactive lists whenever we should.
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: inactive_file_is_low() should be inactive_anon_is_low()]
Reported-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Tomasz Chmielewski <mangoo@wpkg.org>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now, All caller of reclaim use swap_cluster_max as SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX.
Then, we can remove it perfectly.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In old days, we didn't have sc.nr_to_reclaim and it brought
sc.swap_cluster_max misuse.
huge sc.swap_cluster_max might makes unnecessary OOM risk and no
performance benefit.
Now, we can stop its insane thing.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
shrink_all_zone() was introduced by commit d6277db4ab (swsusp: rework
memory shrinker) for hibernate performance improvement. and
sc.swap_cluster_max was introduced by commit a06fe4d307 (Speed freeing
memory for suspend).
commit a06fe4d307 said
Without the patch:
Freed 14600 pages in 1749 jiffies = 32.61 MB/s (Anomolous!)
Freed 88563 pages in 14719 jiffies = 23.50 MB/s
Freed 205734 pages in 32389 jiffies = 24.81 MB/s
With the patch:
Freed 68252 pages in 496 jiffies = 537.52 MB/s
Freed 116464 pages in 569 jiffies = 798.54 MB/s
Freed 209699 pages in 705 jiffies = 1161.89 MB/s
At that time, their patch was pretty worth. However, Modern Hardware
trend and recent VM improvement broke its worth. From several reason, I
think we should remove shrink_all_zones() at all.
detail:
1) Old days, shrink_zone()'s slowness was mainly caused by stupid io-throttle
at no i/o congestion.
but current shrink_zone() is sane, not slow.
2) shrink_all_zone() try to shrink all pages at a time. but it doesn't works
fine on numa system.
example)
System has 4GB memory and each node have 2GB. and hibernate need 1GB.
optimal)
steal 500MB from each node.
shrink_all_zones)
steal 1GB from node-0.
Oh, Cache balancing logic was broken. ;)
Unfortunately, Desktop system moved ahead NUMA at nowadays.
(Side note, if hibernate require 2GB, shrink_all_zones() never success
on above machine)
3) if the node has several I/O flighting pages, shrink_all_zones() makes
pretty bad result.
schenario) hibernate need 1GB
1) shrink_all_zones() try to reclaim 1GB from Node-0
2) but it only reclaimed 990MB
3) stupidly, shrink_all_zones() try to reclaim 1GB from Node-1
4) it reclaimed 990MB
Oh, well. it reclaimed twice much than required.
In the other hand, current shrink_zone() has sane baling out logic.
then, it doesn't make overkill reclaim. then, we lost shrink_zones()'s risk.
4) SplitLRU VM always keep active/inactive ratio very carefully. inactive list only
shrinking break its assumption. it makes unnecessary OOM risk. it obviously suboptimal.
Now, shrink_all_memory() is only the wrapper function of do_try_to_free_pages().
it bring good reviewability and debuggability, and solve above problems.
side note: Reclaim logic unificication makes two good side effect.
- Fix recursive reclaim bug on shrink_all_memory().
it did forgot to use PF_MEMALLOC. it mean the system be able to stuck into deadlock.
- Now, shrink_all_memory() got lockdep awareness. it bring good debuggability.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, sc.scap_cluster_max has double meanings.
1) reclaim batch size as isolate_lru_pages()'s argument
2) reclaim baling out thresolds
The two meanings pretty unrelated. Thus, Let's separate it.
this patch doesn't change any behavior.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If reclaim fails to make sufficient progress, the priority is raised.
Once the priority is higher, kswapd starts waiting on congestion.
However, if the zone is below the min watermark then kswapd needs to
continue working without delay as there is a danger of an increased rate
of GFP_ATOMIC allocation failure.
This patch changes the conditions under which kswapd waits on congestion
by only going to sleep if the min watermarks are being met.
[mel@csn.ul.ie: add stats to track how relevant the logic is]
[mel@csn.ul.ie: make kswapd only check its own zones and rename the relevant counters]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
