linux/mm/vmstat.c

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[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
/*
* linux/mm/vmstat.c
*
* Manages VM statistics
* Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Linus Torvalds
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
*
* zoned VM statistics
* Copyright (C) 2006 Silicon Graphics, Inc.,
* Christoph Lameter <christoph@lameter.com>
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
*/
#include <linux/mm.h>
Remove fs.h from mm.h Remove fs.h from mm.h. For this, 1) Uninline vma_wants_writenotify(). It's pretty huge anyway. 2) Add back fs.h or less bloated headers (err.h) to files that need it. As result, on x86_64 allyesconfig, fs.h dependencies cut down from 3929 files rebuilt down to 3444 (-12.3%). Cross-compile tested without regressions on my two usual configs and (sigh): alpha arm-mx1ads mips-bigsur powerpc-ebony alpha-allnoconfig arm-neponset mips-capcella powerpc-g5 alpha-defconfig arm-netwinder mips-cobalt powerpc-holly alpha-up arm-netx mips-db1000 powerpc-iseries arm arm-ns9xxx mips-db1100 powerpc-linkstation arm-assabet arm-omap_h2_1610 mips-db1200 powerpc-lite5200 arm-at91rm9200dk arm-onearm mips-db1500 powerpc-maple arm-at91rm9200ek arm-picotux200 mips-db1550 powerpc-mpc7448_hpc2 arm-at91sam9260ek arm-pleb mips-ddb5477 powerpc-mpc8272_ads arm-at91sam9261ek arm-pnx4008 mips-decstation powerpc-mpc8313_rdb arm-at91sam9263ek arm-pxa255-idp mips-e55 powerpc-mpc832x_mds arm-at91sam9rlek arm-realview mips-emma2rh powerpc-mpc832x_rdb arm-ateb9200 arm-realview-smp mips-excite powerpc-mpc834x_itx arm-badge4 arm-rpc mips-fulong powerpc-mpc834x_itxgp arm-carmeva arm-s3c2410 mips-ip22 powerpc-mpc834x_mds arm-cerfcube arm-shannon mips-ip27 powerpc-mpc836x_mds arm-clps7500 arm-shark mips-ip32 powerpc-mpc8540_ads arm-collie arm-simpad mips-jazz powerpc-mpc8544_ds arm-corgi arm-spitz mips-jmr3927 powerpc-mpc8560_ads arm-csb337 arm-trizeps4 mips-malta powerpc-mpc8568mds arm-csb637 arm-versatile mips-mipssim powerpc-mpc85xx_cds arm-ebsa110 i386 mips-mpc30x powerpc-mpc8641_hpcn arm-edb7211 i386-allnoconfig mips-msp71xx powerpc-mpc866_ads arm-em_x270 i386-defconfig mips-ocelot powerpc-mpc885_ads arm-ep93xx i386-up mips-pb1100 powerpc-pasemi arm-footbridge ia64 mips-pb1500 powerpc-pmac32 arm-fortunet ia64-allnoconfig mips-pb1550 powerpc-ppc64 arm-h3600 ia64-bigsur mips-pnx8550-jbs powerpc-prpmc2800 arm-h7201 ia64-defconfig mips-pnx8550-stb810 powerpc-ps3 arm-h7202 ia64-gensparse mips-qemu powerpc-pseries arm-hackkit ia64-sim mips-rbhma4200 powerpc-up arm-integrator ia64-sn2 mips-rbhma4500 s390 arm-iop13xx ia64-tiger mips-rm200 s390-allnoconfig arm-iop32x ia64-up mips-sb1250-swarm s390-defconfig arm-iop33x ia64-zx1 mips-sead s390-up arm-ixp2000 m68k mips-tb0219 sparc arm-ixp23xx m68k-amiga mips-tb0226 sparc-allnoconfig arm-ixp4xx m68k-apollo mips-tb0287 sparc-defconfig arm-jornada720 m68k-atari mips-workpad sparc-up arm-kafa m68k-bvme6000 mips-wrppmc sparc64 arm-kb9202 m68k-hp300 mips-yosemite sparc64-allnoconfig arm-ks8695 m68k-mac parisc sparc64-defconfig arm-lart m68k-mvme147 parisc-allnoconfig sparc64-up arm-lpd270 m68k-mvme16x parisc-defconfig um-x86_64 arm-lpd7a400 m68k-q40 parisc-up x86_64 arm-lpd7a404 m68k-sun3 powerpc x86_64-allnoconfig arm-lubbock m68k-sun3x powerpc-cell x86_64-defconfig arm-lusl7200 mips powerpc-celleb x86_64-up arm-mainstone mips-atlas powerpc-chrp32 Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-07-29 22:36:13 +00:00
#include <linux/err.h>
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
#include <linux/module.h>
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
[PATCH] Light weight event counters The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no essential function for the VM. We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that the vm event counters have to be accurate. In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64. And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for both architectures in most cases. The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a building of linux kernels without these counters. The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted (i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done). Benefits: - VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction on i386 and x86_64. - No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case. Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock. - Handling is similar to zoned VM counters. - Simple and easily extendable. - Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use. References: RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2 RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2 local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2 Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:45 +00:00
#ifdef CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS
DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct vm_event_state, vm_event_states) = {{0}};
EXPORT_PER_CPU_SYMBOL(vm_event_states);
static void sum_vm_events(unsigned long *ret, cpumask_t *cpumask)
{
int cpu;
[PATCH] Light weight event counters The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no essential function for the VM. We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that the vm event counters have to be accurate. In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64. And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for both architectures in most cases. The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a building of linux kernels without these counters. The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted (i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done). Benefits: - VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction on i386 and x86_64. - No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case. Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock. - Handling is similar to zoned VM counters. - Simple and easily extendable. - Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use. References: RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2 RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2 local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2 Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:45 +00:00
int i;
memset(ret, 0, NR_VM_EVENT_ITEMS * sizeof(unsigned long));
for_each_cpu_mask(cpu, *cpumask) {
[PATCH] Light weight event counters The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no essential function for the VM. We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that the vm event counters have to be accurate. In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64. And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for both architectures in most cases. The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a building of linux kernels without these counters. The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted (i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done). Benefits: - VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction on i386 and x86_64. - No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case. Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock. - Handling is similar to zoned VM counters. - Simple and easily extendable. - Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use. References: RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2 RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2 local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2 Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:45 +00:00
struct vm_event_state *this = &per_cpu(vm_event_states, cpu);
for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_EVENT_ITEMS; i++)
ret[i] += this->event[i];
}
}
/*
* Accumulate the vm event counters across all CPUs.
* The result is unavoidably approximate - it can change
* during and after execution of this function.
*/
void all_vm_events(unsigned long *ret)
{
sum_vm_events(ret, &cpu_online_map);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(all_vm_events);
[PATCH] Light weight event counters The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no essential function for the VM. We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that the vm event counters have to be accurate. In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64. And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for both architectures in most cases. The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a building of linux kernels without these counters. The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted (i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done). Benefits: - VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction on i386 and x86_64. - No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case. Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock. - Handling is similar to zoned VM counters. - Simple and easily extendable. - Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use. References: RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2 RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2 local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2 Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:45 +00:00
#ifdef CONFIG_HOTPLUG
/*
* Fold the foreign cpu events into our own.
*
* This is adding to the events on one processor
* but keeps the global counts constant.
*/
void vm_events_fold_cpu(int cpu)
{
struct vm_event_state *fold_state = &per_cpu(vm_event_states, cpu);
int i;
for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_EVENT_ITEMS; i++) {
count_vm_events(i, fold_state->event[i]);
fold_state->event[i] = 0;
}
}
#endif /* CONFIG_HOTPLUG */
#endif /* CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS */
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
/*
* Manage combined zone based / global counters
*
* vm_stat contains the global counters
*/
atomic_long_t vm_stat[NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS];
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_stat);
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
static int calculate_threshold(struct zone *zone)
{
int threshold;
int mem; /* memory in 128 MB units */
/*
* The threshold scales with the number of processors and the amount
* of memory per zone. More memory means that we can defer updates for
* longer, more processors could lead to more contention.
* fls() is used to have a cheap way of logarithmic scaling.
*
* Some sample thresholds:
*
* Threshold Processors (fls) Zonesize fls(mem+1)
* ------------------------------------------------------------------
* 8 1 1 0.9-1 GB 4
* 16 2 2 0.9-1 GB 4
* 20 2 2 1-2 GB 5
* 24 2 2 2-4 GB 6
* 28 2 2 4-8 GB 7
* 32 2 2 8-16 GB 8
* 4 2 2 <128M 1
* 30 4 3 2-4 GB 5
* 48 4 3 8-16 GB 8
* 32 8 4 1-2 GB 4
* 32 8 4 0.9-1GB 4
* 10 16 5 <128M 1
* 40 16 5 900M 4
* 70 64 7 2-4 GB 5
* 84 64 7 4-8 GB 6
* 108 512 9 4-8 GB 6
* 125 1024 10 8-16 GB 8
* 125 1024 10 16-32 GB 9
*/
mem = zone->present_pages >> (27 - PAGE_SHIFT);
threshold = 2 * fls(num_online_cpus()) * (1 + fls(mem));
/*
* Maximum threshold is 125
*/
threshold = min(125, threshold);
return threshold;
}
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
/*
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
* Refresh the thresholds for each zone.
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
*/
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
static void refresh_zone_stat_thresholds(void)
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
{
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
struct zone *zone;
int cpu;
int threshold;
for_each_zone(zone) {
if (!zone->present_pages)
continue;
threshold = calculate_threshold(zone);
for_each_online_cpu(cpu)
zone_pcp(zone, cpu)->stat_threshold = threshold;
}
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
}
/*
* For use when we know that interrupts are disabled.
*/
void __mod_zone_page_state(struct zone *zone, enum zone_stat_item item,
int delta)
{
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
struct per_cpu_pageset *pcp = zone_pcp(zone, smp_processor_id());
s8 *p = pcp->vm_stat_diff + item;
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
long x;
x = delta + *p;
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
if (unlikely(x > pcp->stat_threshold || x < -pcp->stat_threshold)) {
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
zone_page_state_add(x, zone, item);
x = 0;
}
*p = x;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__mod_zone_page_state);
/*
* For an unknown interrupt state
*/
void mod_zone_page_state(struct zone *zone, enum zone_stat_item item,
int delta)
{
unsigned long flags;
local_irq_save(flags);
__mod_zone_page_state(zone, item, delta);
local_irq_restore(flags);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mod_zone_page_state);
/*
* Optimized increment and decrement functions.
*
* These are only for a single page and therefore can take a struct page *
* argument instead of struct zone *. This allows the inclusion of the code
* generated for page_zone(page) into the optimized functions.
*
* No overflow check is necessary and therefore the differential can be
* incremented or decremented in place which may allow the compilers to
* generate better code.
* The increment or decrement is known and therefore one boundary check can
* be omitted.
*
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
* NOTE: These functions are very performance sensitive. Change only
* with care.
*
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
* Some processors have inc/dec instructions that are atomic vs an interrupt.
* However, the code must first determine the differential location in a zone
* based on the processor number and then inc/dec the counter. There is no
* guarantee without disabling preemption that the processor will not change
* in between and therefore the atomicity vs. interrupt cannot be exploited
* in a useful way here.
*/
[PATCH] Use ZVC for inactive and active counts The determination of the dirty ratio to determine writeback behavior is currently based on the number of total pages on the system. However, not all pages in the system may be dirtied. Thus the ratio is always too low and can never reach 100%. The ratio may be particularly skewed if large hugepage allocations, slab allocations or device driver buffers make large sections of memory not available anymore. In that case we may get into a situation in which f.e. the background writeback ratio of 40% cannot be reached anymore which leads to undesired writeback behavior. This patchset fixes that issue by determining the ratio based on the actual pages that may potentially be dirty. These are the pages on the active and the inactive list plus free pages. The problem with those counts has so far been that it is expensive to calculate these because counts from multiple nodes and multiple zones will have to be summed up. This patchset makes these counters ZVC counters. This means that a current sum per zone, per node and for the whole system is always available via global variables and not expensive anymore to calculate. The patchset results in some other good side effects: - Removal of the various functions that sum up free, active and inactive page counts - Cleanup of the functions that display information via the proc filesystem. This patch: The use of a ZVC for nr_inactive and nr_active allows a simplification of some counter operations. More ZVC functionality is used for sums etc in the following patches. [akpm@osdl.org: UP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-02-10 09:43:01 +00:00
void __inc_zone_state(struct zone *zone, enum zone_stat_item item)
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
{
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
struct per_cpu_pageset *pcp = zone_pcp(zone, smp_processor_id());
s8 *p = pcp->vm_stat_diff + item;
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
(*p)++;
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
if (unlikely(*p > pcp->stat_threshold)) {
int overstep = pcp->stat_threshold / 2;
zone_page_state_add(*p + overstep, zone, item);
*p = -overstep;
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
}
}
void __inc_zone_page_state(struct page *page, enum zone_stat_item item)
{
__inc_zone_state(page_zone(page), item);
}
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__inc_zone_page_state);
[PATCH] Use ZVC for inactive and active counts The determination of the dirty ratio to determine writeback behavior is currently based on the number of total pages on the system. However, not all pages in the system may be dirtied. Thus the ratio is always too low and can never reach 100%. The ratio may be particularly skewed if large hugepage allocations, slab allocations or device driver buffers make large sections of memory not available anymore. In that case we may get into a situation in which f.e. the background writeback ratio of 40% cannot be reached anymore which leads to undesired writeback behavior. This patchset fixes that issue by determining the ratio based on the actual pages that may potentially be dirty. These are the pages on the active and the inactive list plus free pages. The problem with those counts has so far been that it is expensive to calculate these because counts from multiple nodes and multiple zones will have to be summed up. This patchset makes these counters ZVC counters. This means that a current sum per zone, per node and for the whole system is always available via global variables and not expensive anymore to calculate. The patchset results in some other good side effects: - Removal of the various functions that sum up free, active and inactive page counts - Cleanup of the functions that display information via the proc filesystem. This patch: The use of a ZVC for nr_inactive and nr_active allows a simplification of some counter operations. More ZVC functionality is used for sums etc in the following patches. [akpm@osdl.org: UP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-02-10 09:43:01 +00:00
void __dec_zone_state(struct zone *zone, enum zone_stat_item item)
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
{
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
struct per_cpu_pageset *pcp = zone_pcp(zone, smp_processor_id());
s8 *p = pcp->vm_stat_diff + item;
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
(*p)--;
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
if (unlikely(*p < - pcp->stat_threshold)) {
int overstep = pcp->stat_threshold / 2;
zone_page_state_add(*p - overstep, zone, item);
*p = overstep;
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
}
}
[PATCH] Use ZVC for inactive and active counts The determination of the dirty ratio to determine writeback behavior is currently based on the number of total pages on the system. However, not all pages in the system may be dirtied. Thus the ratio is always too low and can never reach 100%. The ratio may be particularly skewed if large hugepage allocations, slab allocations or device driver buffers make large sections of memory not available anymore. In that case we may get into a situation in which f.e. the background writeback ratio of 40% cannot be reached anymore which leads to undesired writeback behavior. This patchset fixes that issue by determining the ratio based on the actual pages that may potentially be dirty. These are the pages on the active and the inactive list plus free pages. The problem with those counts has so far been that it is expensive to calculate these because counts from multiple nodes and multiple zones will have to be summed up. This patchset makes these counters ZVC counters. This means that a current sum per zone, per node and for the whole system is always available via global variables and not expensive anymore to calculate. The patchset results in some other good side effects: - Removal of the various functions that sum up free, active and inactive page counts - Cleanup of the functions that display information via the proc filesystem. This patch: The use of a ZVC for nr_inactive and nr_active allows a simplification of some counter operations. More ZVC functionality is used for sums etc in the following patches. [akpm@osdl.org: UP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-02-10 09:43:01 +00:00
void __dec_zone_page_state(struct page *page, enum zone_stat_item item)
{
__dec_zone_state(page_zone(page), item);
}
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__dec_zone_page_state);
void inc_zone_state(struct zone *zone, enum zone_stat_item item)
{
unsigned long flags;
local_irq_save(flags);
__inc_zone_state(zone, item);
local_irq_restore(flags);
}
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
void inc_zone_page_state(struct page *page, enum zone_stat_item item)
{
unsigned long flags;
struct zone *zone;
zone = page_zone(page);
local_irq_save(flags);
__inc_zone_state(zone, item);
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
local_irq_restore(flags);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(inc_zone_page_state);
void dec_zone_page_state(struct page *page, enum zone_stat_item item)
{
unsigned long flags;
local_irq_save(flags);
__dec_zone_page_state(page, item);
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
local_irq_restore(flags);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dec_zone_page_state);
/*
* Update the zone counters for one cpu.
Move remote node draining out of slab allocators Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB. Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated. At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of a processor. Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining. The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds. Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2 nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512 nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being caught in them. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:14 +00:00
*
* The cpu specified must be either the current cpu or a processor that
* is not online. If it is the current cpu then the execution thread must
* be pinned to the current cpu.
*
Move remote node draining out of slab allocators Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB. Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated. At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of a processor. Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining. The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds. Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2 nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512 nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being caught in them. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:14 +00:00
* Note that refresh_cpu_vm_stats strives to only access
* node local memory. The per cpu pagesets on remote zones are placed
* in the memory local to the processor using that pageset. So the
* loop over all zones will access a series of cachelines local to
* the processor.
*
* The call to zone_page_state_add updates the cachelines with the
* statistics in the remote zone struct as well as the global cachelines
* with the global counters. These could cause remote node cache line
* bouncing and will have to be only done when necessary.
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
*/
void refresh_cpu_vm_stats(int cpu)
{
struct zone *zone;
int i;
int global_diff[NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS] = { 0, };
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
for_each_zone(zone) {
Move remote node draining out of slab allocators Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB. Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated. At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of a processor. Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining. The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds. Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2 nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512 nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being caught in them. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:14 +00:00
struct per_cpu_pageset *p;
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
if (!populated_zone(zone))
continue;
Move remote node draining out of slab allocators Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB. Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated. At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of a processor. Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining. The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds. Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2 nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512 nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being caught in them. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:14 +00:00
p = zone_pcp(zone, cpu);
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
Move remote node draining out of slab allocators Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB. Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated. At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of a processor. Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining. The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds. Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2 nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512 nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being caught in them. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:14 +00:00
if (p->vm_stat_diff[i]) {
unsigned long flags;
int v;
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
local_irq_save(flags);
v = p->vm_stat_diff[i];
Move remote node draining out of slab allocators Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB. Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated. At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of a processor. Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining. The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds. Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2 nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512 nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being caught in them. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:14 +00:00
p->vm_stat_diff[i] = 0;
local_irq_restore(flags);
atomic_long_add(v, &zone->vm_stat[i]);
global_diff[i] += v;
Move remote node draining out of slab allocators Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB. Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated. At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of a processor. Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining. The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds. Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2 nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512 nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being caught in them. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:14 +00:00
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
/* 3 seconds idle till flush */
p->expire = 3;
#endif
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
}
Move remote node draining out of slab allocators Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB. Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated. At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of a processor. Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining. The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds. Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2 nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512 nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being caught in them. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:14 +00:00
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
/*
* Deal with draining the remote pageset of this
* processor
*
* Check if there are pages remaining in this pageset
* if not then there is nothing to expire.
*/
if (!p->expire || !p->pcp.count)
Move remote node draining out of slab allocators Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB. Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated. At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of a processor. Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining. The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds. Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2 nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512 nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being caught in them. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:14 +00:00
continue;
/*
* We never drain zones local to this processor.
*/
if (zone_to_nid(zone) == numa_node_id()) {
p->expire = 0;
continue;
}
p->expire--;
if (p->expire)
continue;
if (p->pcp.count)
drain_zone_pages(zone, &p->pcp);
Move remote node draining out of slab allocators Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB. Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated. At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of a processor. Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining. The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds. Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2 nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512 nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being caught in them. Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:14 +00:00
#endif
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
}
for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
if (global_diff[i])
atomic_long_add(global_diff[i], &vm_stat[i]);
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
}
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
/*
* zonelist = the list of zones passed to the allocator
* z = the zone from which the allocation occurred.
*
* Must be called with interrupts disabled.
*/
void zone_statistics(struct zonelist *zonelist, struct zone *z)
{
if (z->zone_pgdat == zonelist->zones[0]->zone_pgdat) {
__inc_zone_state(z, NUMA_HIT);
} else {
__inc_zone_state(z, NUMA_MISS);
__inc_zone_state(zonelist->zones[0], NUMA_FOREIGN);
}
if (z->node == numa_node_id())
__inc_zone_state(z, NUMA_LOCAL);
else
__inc_zone_state(z, NUMA_OTHER);
}
#endif
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
Print out statistics in relation to fragmentation avoidance to /proc/pagetypeinfo This patch provides fragmentation avoidance statistics via /proc/pagetypeinfo. The information is collected only on request so there is no runtime overhead. The statistics are in three parts: The first part prints information on the size of blocks that pages are being grouped on and looks like Page block order: 10 Pages per block: 1024 The second part is a more detailed version of /proc/buddyinfo and looks like Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Unmovable 111 8 4 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reclaimable 293 89 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Movable 1 6 13 9 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 The third part looks like Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Node 0, zone DMA 0 1 2 1 Node 0, zone Normal 3 17 94 4 To walk the zones within a node with interrupts disabled, walk_zones_in_node() is introduced and shared between /proc/buddyinfo, /proc/zoneinfo and /proc/pagetypeinfo to reduce code duplication. It seems specific to what vmstat.c requires but could be broken out as a general utility function in mmzone.c if there were other other potential users. Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-16 08:26:02 +00:00
static char * const migratetype_names[MIGRATE_TYPES] = {
"Unmovable",
"Reclaimable",
"Movable",
"Reserve",
};
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
static void *frag_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *pos)
{
pg_data_t *pgdat;
loff_t node = *pos;
for (pgdat = first_online_pgdat();
pgdat && node;
pgdat = next_online_pgdat(pgdat))
--node;
return pgdat;
}
static void *frag_next(struct seq_file *m, void *arg, loff_t *pos)
{
pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
(*pos)++;
return next_online_pgdat(pgdat);
}
static void frag_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
{
}
Print out statistics in relation to fragmentation avoidance to /proc/pagetypeinfo This patch provides fragmentation avoidance statistics via /proc/pagetypeinfo. The information is collected only on request so there is no runtime overhead. The statistics are in three parts: The first part prints information on the size of blocks that pages are being grouped on and looks like Page block order: 10 Pages per block: 1024 The second part is a more detailed version of /proc/buddyinfo and looks like Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Unmovable 111 8 4 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reclaimable 293 89 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Movable 1 6 13 9 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 The third part looks like Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Node 0, zone DMA 0 1 2 1 Node 0, zone Normal 3 17 94 4 To walk the zones within a node with interrupts disabled, walk_zones_in_node() is introduced and shared between /proc/buddyinfo, /proc/zoneinfo and /proc/pagetypeinfo to reduce code duplication. It seems specific to what vmstat.c requires but could be broken out as a general utility function in mmzone.c if there were other other potential users. Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-16 08:26:02 +00:00
/* Walk all the zones in a node and print using a callback */
static void walk_zones_in_node(struct seq_file *m, pg_data_t *pgdat,
void (*print)(struct seq_file *m, pg_data_t *, struct zone *))
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
{
struct zone *zone;
struct zone *node_zones = pgdat->node_zones;
unsigned long flags;
for (zone = node_zones; zone - node_zones < MAX_NR_ZONES; ++zone) {
if (!populated_zone(zone))
continue;
spin_lock_irqsave(&zone->lock, flags);
Print out statistics in relation to fragmentation avoidance to /proc/pagetypeinfo This patch provides fragmentation avoidance statistics via /proc/pagetypeinfo. The information is collected only on request so there is no runtime overhead. The statistics are in three parts: The first part prints information on the size of blocks that pages are being grouped on and looks like Page block order: 10 Pages per block: 1024 The second part is a more detailed version of /proc/buddyinfo and looks like Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Unmovable 111 8 4 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reclaimable 293 89 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Movable 1 6 13 9 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 The third part looks like Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Node 0, zone DMA 0 1 2 1 Node 0, zone Normal 3 17 94 4 To walk the zones within a node with interrupts disabled, walk_zones_in_node() is introduced and shared between /proc/buddyinfo, /proc/zoneinfo and /proc/pagetypeinfo to reduce code duplication. It seems specific to what vmstat.c requires but could be broken out as a general utility function in mmzone.c if there were other other potential users. Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-16 08:26:02 +00:00
print(m, pgdat, zone);
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lock, flags);
Print out statistics in relation to fragmentation avoidance to /proc/pagetypeinfo This patch provides fragmentation avoidance statistics via /proc/pagetypeinfo. The information is collected only on request so there is no runtime overhead. The statistics are in three parts: The first part prints information on the size of blocks that pages are being grouped on and looks like Page block order: 10 Pages per block: 1024 The second part is a more detailed version of /proc/buddyinfo and looks like Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Unmovable 111 8 4 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reclaimable 293 89 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Movable 1 6 13 9 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 The third part looks like Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Node 0, zone DMA 0 1 2 1 Node 0, zone Normal 3 17 94 4 To walk the zones within a node with interrupts disabled, walk_zones_in_node() is introduced and shared between /proc/buddyinfo, /proc/zoneinfo and /proc/pagetypeinfo to reduce code duplication. It seems specific to what vmstat.c requires but could be broken out as a general utility function in mmzone.c if there were other other potential users. Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-16 08:26:02 +00:00
}
}
static void frag_show_print(struct seq_file *m, pg_data_t *pgdat,
struct zone *zone)
{
int order;
seq_printf(m, "Node %d, zone %8s ", pgdat->node_id, zone->name);
for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; ++order)
seq_printf(m, "%6lu ", zone->free_area[order].nr_free);
seq_putc(m, '\n');
}
/*
* This walks the free areas for each zone.
*/
static int frag_show(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
{
pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, frag_show_print);
return 0;
}
static void pagetypeinfo_showfree_print(struct seq_file *m,
pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zone *zone)
{
int order, mtype;
for (mtype = 0; mtype < MIGRATE_TYPES; mtype++) {
seq_printf(m, "Node %4d, zone %8s, type %12s ",
pgdat->node_id,
zone->name,
migratetype_names[mtype]);
for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; ++order) {
unsigned long freecount = 0;
struct free_area *area;
struct list_head *curr;
area = &(zone->free_area[order]);
list_for_each(curr, &area->free_list[mtype])
freecount++;
seq_printf(m, "%6lu ", freecount);
}
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
seq_putc(m, '\n');
}
Print out statistics in relation to fragmentation avoidance to /proc/pagetypeinfo This patch provides fragmentation avoidance statistics via /proc/pagetypeinfo. The information is collected only on request so there is no runtime overhead. The statistics are in three parts: The first part prints information on the size of blocks that pages are being grouped on and looks like Page block order: 10 Pages per block: 1024 The second part is a more detailed version of /proc/buddyinfo and looks like Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Unmovable 111 8 4 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reclaimable 293 89 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Movable 1 6 13 9 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 The third part looks like Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Node 0, zone DMA 0 1 2 1 Node 0, zone Normal 3 17 94 4 To walk the zones within a node with interrupts disabled, walk_zones_in_node() is introduced and shared between /proc/buddyinfo, /proc/zoneinfo and /proc/pagetypeinfo to reduce code duplication. It seems specific to what vmstat.c requires but could be broken out as a general utility function in mmzone.c if there were other other potential users. Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-16 08:26:02 +00:00
}
/* Print out the free pages at each order for each migatetype */
static int pagetypeinfo_showfree(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
{
int order;
pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
/* Print header */
seq_printf(m, "%-43s ", "Free pages count per migrate type at order");
for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; ++order)
seq_printf(m, "%6d ", order);
seq_putc(m, '\n');
walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, pagetypeinfo_showfree_print);
return 0;
}
static void pagetypeinfo_showblockcount_print(struct seq_file *m,
pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zone *zone)
{
int mtype;
unsigned long pfn;
unsigned long start_pfn = zone->zone_start_pfn;
unsigned long end_pfn = start_pfn + zone->spanned_pages;
unsigned long count[MIGRATE_TYPES] = { 0, };
for (pfn = start_pfn; pfn < end_pfn; pfn += pageblock_nr_pages) {
struct page *page;
if (!pfn_valid(pfn))
continue;
page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
mtype = get_pageblock_migratetype(page);
count[mtype]++;
}
/* Print counts */
seq_printf(m, "Node %d, zone %8s ", pgdat->node_id, zone->name);
for (mtype = 0; mtype < MIGRATE_TYPES; mtype++)
seq_printf(m, "%12lu ", count[mtype]);
seq_putc(m, '\n');
}
/* Print out the free pages at each order for each migratetype */
static int pagetypeinfo_showblockcount(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
{
int mtype;
pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
seq_printf(m, "\n%-23s", "Number of blocks type ");
for (mtype = 0; mtype < MIGRATE_TYPES; mtype++)
seq_printf(m, "%12s ", migratetype_names[mtype]);
seq_putc(m, '\n');
walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, pagetypeinfo_showblockcount_print);
return 0;
}
/*
* This prints out statistics in relation to grouping pages by mobility.
* It is expensive to collect so do not constantly read the file.
*/
static int pagetypeinfo_show(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
{
pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
seq_printf(m, "Page block order: %d\n", pageblock_order);
seq_printf(m, "Pages per block: %lu\n", pageblock_nr_pages);
seq_putc(m, '\n');
pagetypeinfo_showfree(m, pgdat);
pagetypeinfo_showblockcount(m, pgdat);
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
return 0;
}
const struct seq_operations fragmentation_op = {
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
.start = frag_start,
.next = frag_next,
.stop = frag_stop,
.show = frag_show,
};
Print out statistics in relation to fragmentation avoidance to /proc/pagetypeinfo This patch provides fragmentation avoidance statistics via /proc/pagetypeinfo. The information is collected only on request so there is no runtime overhead. The statistics are in three parts: The first part prints information on the size of blocks that pages are being grouped on and looks like Page block order: 10 Pages per block: 1024 The second part is a more detailed version of /proc/buddyinfo and looks like Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Unmovable 111 8 4 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reclaimable 293 89 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Movable 1 6 13 9 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 The third part looks like Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Node 0, zone DMA 0 1 2 1 Node 0, zone Normal 3 17 94 4 To walk the zones within a node with interrupts disabled, walk_zones_in_node() is introduced and shared between /proc/buddyinfo, /proc/zoneinfo and /proc/pagetypeinfo to reduce code duplication. It seems specific to what vmstat.c requires but could be broken out as a general utility function in mmzone.c if there were other other potential users. Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-16 08:26:02 +00:00
const struct seq_operations pagetypeinfo_op = {
.start = frag_start,
.next = frag_next,
.stop = frag_stop,
.show = pagetypeinfo_show,
};
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA
#define TEXT_FOR_DMA(xx) xx "_dma",
#else
#define TEXT_FOR_DMA(xx)
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32
#define TEXT_FOR_DMA32(xx) xx "_dma32",
#else
#define TEXT_FOR_DMA32(xx)
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
#define TEXT_FOR_HIGHMEM(xx) xx "_high",
#else
#define TEXT_FOR_HIGHMEM(xx)
#endif
#define TEXTS_FOR_ZONES(xx) TEXT_FOR_DMA(xx) TEXT_FOR_DMA32(xx) xx "_normal", \
Create the ZONE_MOVABLE zone The following 8 patches against 2.6.20-mm2 create a zone called ZONE_MOVABLE that is only usable by allocations that specify both __GFP_HIGHMEM and __GFP_MOVABLE. This has the effect of keeping all non-movable pages within a single memory partition while allowing movable allocations to be satisfied from either partition. The patches may be applied with the list-based anti-fragmentation patches that groups pages together based on mobility. The size of the zone is determined by a kernelcore= parameter specified at boot-time. This specifies how much memory is usable by non-movable allocations and the remainder is used for ZONE_MOVABLE. Any range of pages within ZONE_MOVABLE can be released by migrating the pages or by reclaiming. When selecting a zone to take pages from for ZONE_MOVABLE, there are two things to consider. First, only memory from the highest populated zone is used for ZONE_MOVABLE. On the x86, this is probably going to be ZONE_HIGHMEM but it would be ZONE_DMA on ppc64 or possibly ZONE_DMA32 on x86_64. Second, the amount of memory usable by the kernel will be spread evenly throughout NUMA nodes where possible. If the nodes are not of equal size, the amount of memory usable by the kernel on some nodes may be greater than others. By default, the zone is not as useful for hugetlb allocations because they are pinned and non-migratable (currently at least). A sysctl is provided that allows huge pages to be allocated from that zone. This means that the huge page pool can be resized to the size of ZONE_MOVABLE during the lifetime of the system assuming that pages are not mlocked. Despite huge pages being non-movable, we do not introduce additional external fragmentation of note as huge pages are always the largest contiguous block we care about. Credit goes to Andy Whitcroft for catching a large variety of problems during review of the patches. This patch creates an additional zone, ZONE_MOVABLE. This zone is only usable by allocations which specify both __GFP_HIGHMEM and __GFP_MOVABLE. Hot-added memory continues to be placed in their existing destination as there is no mechanism to redirect them to a specific zone. [y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com: Fix section mismatch of memory hotplug related code] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: various fixes] Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: William Lee Irwin III <wli@holomorphy.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-07-17 11:03:12 +00:00
TEXT_FOR_HIGHMEM(xx) xx "_movable",
static const char * const vmstat_text[] = {
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
/* Zoned VM counters */
"nr_free_pages",
[PATCH] Use ZVC for inactive and active counts The determination of the dirty ratio to determine writeback behavior is currently based on the number of total pages on the system. However, not all pages in the system may be dirtied. Thus the ratio is always too low and can never reach 100%. The ratio may be particularly skewed if large hugepage allocations, slab allocations or device driver buffers make large sections of memory not available anymore. In that case we may get into a situation in which f.e. the background writeback ratio of 40% cannot be reached anymore which leads to undesired writeback behavior. This patchset fixes that issue by determining the ratio based on the actual pages that may potentially be dirty. These are the pages on the active and the inactive list plus free pages. The problem with those counts has so far been that it is expensive to calculate these because counts from multiple nodes and multiple zones will have to be summed up. This patchset makes these counters ZVC counters. This means that a current sum per zone, per node and for the whole system is always available via global variables and not expensive anymore to calculate. The patchset results in some other good side effects: - Removal of the various functions that sum up free, active and inactive page counts - Cleanup of the functions that display information via the proc filesystem. This patch: The use of a ZVC for nr_inactive and nr_active allows a simplification of some counter operations. More ZVC functionality is used for sums etc in the following patches. [akpm@osdl.org: UP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-02-10 09:43:01 +00:00
"nr_inactive",
"nr_active",
"nr_anon_pages",
"nr_mapped",
"nr_file_pages",
"nr_dirty",
"nr_writeback",
"nr_slab_reclaimable",
"nr_slab_unreclaimable",
"nr_page_table_pages",
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
"nr_unstable",
"nr_bounce",
"nr_vmscan_write",
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
"numa_hit",
"numa_miss",
"numa_foreign",
"numa_interleave",
"numa_local",
"numa_other",
#endif
[PATCH] Light weight event counters The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no essential function for the VM. We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that the vm event counters have to be accurate. In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64. And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for both architectures in most cases. The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a building of linux kernels without these counters. The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted (i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done). Benefits: - VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction on i386 and x86_64. - No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case. Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock. - Handling is similar to zoned VM counters. - Simple and easily extendable. - Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use. References: RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2 RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2 local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2 Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:45 +00:00
#ifdef CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
"pgpgin",
"pgpgout",
"pswpin",
"pswpout",
TEXTS_FOR_ZONES("pgalloc")
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
"pgfree",
"pgactivate",
"pgdeactivate",
"pgfault",
"pgmajfault",
TEXTS_FOR_ZONES("pgrefill")
TEXTS_FOR_ZONES("pgsteal")
TEXTS_FOR_ZONES("pgscan_kswapd")
TEXTS_FOR_ZONES("pgscan_direct")
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
"pginodesteal",
"slabs_scanned",
"kswapd_steal",
"kswapd_inodesteal",
"pageoutrun",
"allocstall",
"pgrotated",
[PATCH] Light weight event counters The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no essential function for the VM. We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that the vm event counters have to be accurate. In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64. And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for both architectures in most cases. The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a building of linux kernels without these counters. The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted (i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done). Benefits: - VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction on i386 and x86_64. - No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case. Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock. - Handling is similar to zoned VM counters. - Simple and easily extendable. - Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use. References: RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2 RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2 local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2 Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:45 +00:00
#endif
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
};
Print out statistics in relation to fragmentation avoidance to /proc/pagetypeinfo This patch provides fragmentation avoidance statistics via /proc/pagetypeinfo. The information is collected only on request so there is no runtime overhead. The statistics are in three parts: The first part prints information on the size of blocks that pages are being grouped on and looks like Page block order: 10 Pages per block: 1024 The second part is a more detailed version of /proc/buddyinfo and looks like Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Unmovable 111 8 4 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reclaimable 293 89 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Movable 1 6 13 9 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 The third part looks like Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Node 0, zone DMA 0 1 2 1 Node 0, zone Normal 3 17 94 4 To walk the zones within a node with interrupts disabled, walk_zones_in_node() is introduced and shared between /proc/buddyinfo, /proc/zoneinfo and /proc/pagetypeinfo to reduce code duplication. It seems specific to what vmstat.c requires but could be broken out as a general utility function in mmzone.c if there were other other potential users. Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-16 08:26:02 +00:00
static void zoneinfo_show_print(struct seq_file *m, pg_data_t *pgdat,
struct zone *zone)
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
{
Print out statistics in relation to fragmentation avoidance to /proc/pagetypeinfo This patch provides fragmentation avoidance statistics via /proc/pagetypeinfo. The information is collected only on request so there is no runtime overhead. The statistics are in three parts: The first part prints information on the size of blocks that pages are being grouped on and looks like Page block order: 10 Pages per block: 1024 The second part is a more detailed version of /proc/buddyinfo and looks like Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Unmovable 111 8 4 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reclaimable 293 89 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Movable 1 6 13 9 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 The third part looks like Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Node 0, zone DMA 0 1 2 1 Node 0, zone Normal 3 17 94 4 To walk the zones within a node with interrupts disabled, walk_zones_in_node() is introduced and shared between /proc/buddyinfo, /proc/zoneinfo and /proc/pagetypeinfo to reduce code duplication. It seems specific to what vmstat.c requires but could be broken out as a general utility function in mmzone.c if there were other other potential users. Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-16 08:26:02 +00:00
int i;
seq_printf(m, "Node %d, zone %8s", pgdat->node_id, zone->name);
seq_printf(m,
"\n pages free %lu"
"\n min %lu"
"\n low %lu"
"\n high %lu"
"\n scanned %lu (a: %lu i: %lu)"
"\n spanned %lu"
"\n present %lu",
zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES),
zone->pages_min,
zone->pages_low,
zone->pages_high,
zone->pages_scanned,
zone->nr_scan_active, zone->nr_scan_inactive,
zone->spanned_pages,
zone->present_pages);
for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
seq_printf(m, "\n %-12s %lu", vmstat_text[i],
zone_page_state(zone, i));
seq_printf(m,
"\n protection: (%lu",
zone->lowmem_reserve[0]);
for (i = 1; i < ARRAY_SIZE(zone->lowmem_reserve); i++)
seq_printf(m, ", %lu", zone->lowmem_reserve[i]);
seq_printf(m,
")"
"\n pagesets");
for_each_online_cpu(i) {
struct per_cpu_pageset *pageset;
pageset = zone_pcp(zone, i);
seq_printf(m,
"\n cpu: %i"
"\n count: %i"
"\n high: %i"
"\n batch: %i",
i,
pageset->pcp.count,
pageset->pcp.high,
pageset->pcp.batch);
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
Print out statistics in relation to fragmentation avoidance to /proc/pagetypeinfo This patch provides fragmentation avoidance statistics via /proc/pagetypeinfo. The information is collected only on request so there is no runtime overhead. The statistics are in three parts: The first part prints information on the size of blocks that pages are being grouped on and looks like Page block order: 10 Pages per block: 1024 The second part is a more detailed version of /proc/buddyinfo and looks like Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Unmovable 111 8 4 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reclaimable 293 89 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Movable 1 6 13 9 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 The third part looks like Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Node 0, zone DMA 0 1 2 1 Node 0, zone Normal 3 17 94 4 To walk the zones within a node with interrupts disabled, walk_zones_in_node() is introduced and shared between /proc/buddyinfo, /proc/zoneinfo and /proc/pagetypeinfo to reduce code duplication. It seems specific to what vmstat.c requires but could be broken out as a general utility function in mmzone.c if there were other other potential users. Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-16 08:26:02 +00:00
seq_printf(m, "\n vm stats threshold: %d",
pageset->stat_threshold);
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
#endif
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
}
Print out statistics in relation to fragmentation avoidance to /proc/pagetypeinfo This patch provides fragmentation avoidance statistics via /proc/pagetypeinfo. The information is collected only on request so there is no runtime overhead. The statistics are in three parts: The first part prints information on the size of blocks that pages are being grouped on and looks like Page block order: 10 Pages per block: 1024 The second part is a more detailed version of /proc/buddyinfo and looks like Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Unmovable 111 8 4 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reclaimable 293 89 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Movable 1 6 13 9 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 The third part looks like Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Node 0, zone DMA 0 1 2 1 Node 0, zone Normal 3 17 94 4 To walk the zones within a node with interrupts disabled, walk_zones_in_node() is introduced and shared between /proc/buddyinfo, /proc/zoneinfo and /proc/pagetypeinfo to reduce code duplication. It seems specific to what vmstat.c requires but could be broken out as a general utility function in mmzone.c if there were other other potential users. Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-16 08:26:02 +00:00
seq_printf(m,
"\n all_unreclaimable: %u"
"\n prev_priority: %i"
"\n start_pfn: %lu",
zone_is_all_unreclaimable(zone),
Print out statistics in relation to fragmentation avoidance to /proc/pagetypeinfo This patch provides fragmentation avoidance statistics via /proc/pagetypeinfo. The information is collected only on request so there is no runtime overhead. The statistics are in three parts: The first part prints information on the size of blocks that pages are being grouped on and looks like Page block order: 10 Pages per block: 1024 The second part is a more detailed version of /proc/buddyinfo and looks like Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Unmovable 111 8 4 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reclaimable 293 89 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Movable 1 6 13 9 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 Node 0, zone Normal, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 The third part looks like Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Node 0, zone DMA 0 1 2 1 Node 0, zone Normal 3 17 94 4 To walk the zones within a node with interrupts disabled, walk_zones_in_node() is introduced and shared between /proc/buddyinfo, /proc/zoneinfo and /proc/pagetypeinfo to reduce code duplication. It seems specific to what vmstat.c requires but could be broken out as a general utility function in mmzone.c if there were other other potential users. Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org> Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-16 08:26:02 +00:00
zone->prev_priority,
zone->zone_start_pfn);
seq_putc(m, '\n');
}
/*
* Output information about zones in @pgdat.
*/
static int zoneinfo_show(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
{
pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, zoneinfo_show_print);
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
return 0;
}
const struct seq_operations zoneinfo_op = {
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
.start = frag_start, /* iterate over all zones. The same as in
* fragmentation. */
.next = frag_next,
.stop = frag_stop,
.show = zoneinfo_show,
};
static void *vmstat_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *pos)
{
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
unsigned long *v;
[PATCH] Light weight event counters The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no essential function for the VM. We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that the vm event counters have to be accurate. In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64. And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for both architectures in most cases. The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a building of linux kernels without these counters. The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted (i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done). Benefits: - VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction on i386 and x86_64. - No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case. Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock. - Handling is similar to zoned VM counters. - Simple and easily extendable. - Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use. References: RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2 RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2 local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2 Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:45 +00:00
#ifdef CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS
unsigned long *e;
#endif
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
int i;
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
if (*pos >= ARRAY_SIZE(vmstat_text))
return NULL;
[PATCH] Light weight event counters The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no essential function for the VM. We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that the vm event counters have to be accurate. In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64. And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for both architectures in most cases. The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a building of linux kernels without these counters. The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted (i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done). Benefits: - VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction on i386 and x86_64. - No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case. Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock. - Handling is similar to zoned VM counters. - Simple and easily extendable. - Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use. References: RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2 RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2 local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2 Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:45 +00:00
#ifdef CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
v = kmalloc(NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS * sizeof(unsigned long)
[PATCH] Light weight event counters The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no essential function for the VM. We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that the vm event counters have to be accurate. In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64. And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for both architectures in most cases. The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a building of linux kernels without these counters. The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted (i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done). Benefits: - VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction on i386 and x86_64. - No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case. Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock. - Handling is similar to zoned VM counters. - Simple and easily extendable. - Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use. References: RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2 RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2 local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2 Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:45 +00:00
+ sizeof(struct vm_event_state), GFP_KERNEL);
#else
v = kmalloc(NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS * sizeof(unsigned long),
GFP_KERNEL);
#endif
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
m->private = v;
if (!v)
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
v[i] = global_page_state(i);
[PATCH] Light weight event counters The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no essential function for the VM. We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that the vm event counters have to be accurate. In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64. And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for both architectures in most cases. The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a building of linux kernels without these counters. The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted (i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done). Benefits: - VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction on i386 and x86_64. - No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case. Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock. - Handling is similar to zoned VM counters. - Simple and easily extendable. - Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use. References: RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2 RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2 local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2 Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:45 +00:00
#ifdef CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS
e = v + NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS;
all_vm_events(e);
e[PGPGIN] /= 2; /* sectors -> kbytes */
e[PGPGOUT] /= 2;
#endif
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: basic ZVC (zoned vm counter) implementation Per zone counter infrastructure The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty. So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge amounts of pages. Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim interval with the counters introduced here. Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance memory use in order to increase performance. The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called. Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array. The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output has to be generated for /proc/*. Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or _inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled. Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an architecture may provide. We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node. [akpm@osdl.org: cleanups] [akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:33 +00:00
return v + *pos;
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
}
static void *vmstat_next(struct seq_file *m, void *arg, loff_t *pos)
{
(*pos)++;
if (*pos >= ARRAY_SIZE(vmstat_text))
return NULL;
return (unsigned long *)m->private + *pos;
}
static int vmstat_show(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
{
unsigned long *l = arg;
unsigned long off = l - (unsigned long *)m->private;
seq_printf(m, "%s %lu\n", vmstat_text[off], *l);
return 0;
}
static void vmstat_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
{
kfree(m->private);
m->private = NULL;
}
const struct seq_operations vmstat_op = {
[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas event counters do not need to be. Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in order to get more balanced memory use. It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data from userspace. The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache. Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values. The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed. Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters. Benefits of this patchset right now: - Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones. - loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information because the needed information is directly accessible. - Special handling for nr_pagecache removed. - zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine when it is worth to do local reclaim. - Fast inline per node page state determination. - Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone. - The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides some of the needed numbers. - Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files. References to earlier discussions: V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2 V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2 V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2 V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2 Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code. This patch: Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h. Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc functions. Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show. [akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix] [akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-30 08:55:32 +00:00
.start = vmstat_start,
.next = vmstat_next,
.stop = vmstat_stop,
.show = vmstat_show,
};
#endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
vmstat: use our own timer events vmstat is currently using the cache reaper to periodically bring the statistics up to date. The cache reaper does only exists in SLUB as a way to provide compatibility with SLAB. This patch removes the vmstat calls from the slab allocators and provides its own handling. The advantage is also that we can use a different frequency for the updates. Refreshing vm stats is a pretty fast job so we can run this every second and stagger this by only one tick. This will lead to some overlap in large systems. F.e a system running at 250 HZ with 1024 processors will have 4 vm updates occurring at once. However, the vm stats update only accesses per node information. It is only necessary to stagger the vm statistics updates per processor in each node. Vm counter updates occurring on distant nodes will not cause cacheline contention. We could implement an alternate approach that runs the first processor on each node at the second and then each of the other processor on a node on a subsequent tick. That may be useful to keep a large amount of the second free of timer activity. Maybe the timer folks will have some feedback on this one? [jirislaby@gmail.com: add missing break] Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:12 +00:00
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct delayed_work, vmstat_work);
int sysctl_stat_interval __read_mostly = HZ;
vmstat: use our own timer events vmstat is currently using the cache reaper to periodically bring the statistics up to date. The cache reaper does only exists in SLUB as a way to provide compatibility with SLAB. This patch removes the vmstat calls from the slab allocators and provides its own handling. The advantage is also that we can use a different frequency for the updates. Refreshing vm stats is a pretty fast job so we can run this every second and stagger this by only one tick. This will lead to some overlap in large systems. F.e a system running at 250 HZ with 1024 processors will have 4 vm updates occurring at once. However, the vm stats update only accesses per node information. It is only necessary to stagger the vm statistics updates per processor in each node. Vm counter updates occurring on distant nodes will not cause cacheline contention. We could implement an alternate approach that runs the first processor on each node at the second and then each of the other processor on a node on a subsequent tick. That may be useful to keep a large amount of the second free of timer activity. Maybe the timer folks will have some feedback on this one? [jirislaby@gmail.com: add missing break] Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:12 +00:00
static void vmstat_update(struct work_struct *w)
{
refresh_cpu_vm_stats(smp_processor_id());
schedule_delayed_work(&__get_cpu_var(vmstat_work),
sysctl_stat_interval);
vmstat: use our own timer events vmstat is currently using the cache reaper to periodically bring the statistics up to date. The cache reaper does only exists in SLUB as a way to provide compatibility with SLAB. This patch removes the vmstat calls from the slab allocators and provides its own handling. The advantage is also that we can use a different frequency for the updates. Refreshing vm stats is a pretty fast job so we can run this every second and stagger this by only one tick. This will lead to some overlap in large systems. F.e a system running at 250 HZ with 1024 processors will have 4 vm updates occurring at once. However, the vm stats update only accesses per node information. It is only necessary to stagger the vm statistics updates per processor in each node. Vm counter updates occurring on distant nodes will not cause cacheline contention. We could implement an alternate approach that runs the first processor on each node at the second and then each of the other processor on a node on a subsequent tick. That may be useful to keep a large amount of the second free of timer activity. Maybe the timer folks will have some feedback on this one? [jirislaby@gmail.com: add missing break] Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:12 +00:00
}
static void __cpuinit start_cpu_timer(int cpu)
vmstat: use our own timer events vmstat is currently using the cache reaper to periodically bring the statistics up to date. The cache reaper does only exists in SLUB as a way to provide compatibility with SLAB. This patch removes the vmstat calls from the slab allocators and provides its own handling. The advantage is also that we can use a different frequency for the updates. Refreshing vm stats is a pretty fast job so we can run this every second and stagger this by only one tick. This will lead to some overlap in large systems. F.e a system running at 250 HZ with 1024 processors will have 4 vm updates occurring at once. However, the vm stats update only accesses per node information. It is only necessary to stagger the vm statistics updates per processor in each node. Vm counter updates occurring on distant nodes will not cause cacheline contention. We could implement an alternate approach that runs the first processor on each node at the second and then each of the other processor on a node on a subsequent tick. That may be useful to keep a large amount of the second free of timer activity. Maybe the timer folks will have some feedback on this one? [jirislaby@gmail.com: add missing break] Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:12 +00:00
{
struct delayed_work *vmstat_work = &per_cpu(vmstat_work, cpu);
INIT_DELAYED_WORK_DEFERRABLE(vmstat_work, vmstat_update);
vmstat: use our own timer events vmstat is currently using the cache reaper to periodically bring the statistics up to date. The cache reaper does only exists in SLUB as a way to provide compatibility with SLAB. This patch removes the vmstat calls from the slab allocators and provides its own handling. The advantage is also that we can use a different frequency for the updates. Refreshing vm stats is a pretty fast job so we can run this every second and stagger this by only one tick. This will lead to some overlap in large systems. F.e a system running at 250 HZ with 1024 processors will have 4 vm updates occurring at once. However, the vm stats update only accesses per node information. It is only necessary to stagger the vm statistics updates per processor in each node. Vm counter updates occurring on distant nodes will not cause cacheline contention. We could implement an alternate approach that runs the first processor on each node at the second and then each of the other processor on a node on a subsequent tick. That may be useful to keep a large amount of the second free of timer activity. Maybe the timer folks will have some feedback on this one? [jirislaby@gmail.com: add missing break] Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:12 +00:00
schedule_delayed_work_on(cpu, vmstat_work, HZ + cpu);
}
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
/*
* Use the cpu notifier to insure that the thresholds are recalculated
* when necessary.
*/
static int __cpuinit vmstat_cpuup_callback(struct notifier_block *nfb,
unsigned long action,
void *hcpu)
{
vmstat: use our own timer events vmstat is currently using the cache reaper to periodically bring the statistics up to date. The cache reaper does only exists in SLUB as a way to provide compatibility with SLAB. This patch removes the vmstat calls from the slab allocators and provides its own handling. The advantage is also that we can use a different frequency for the updates. Refreshing vm stats is a pretty fast job so we can run this every second and stagger this by only one tick. This will lead to some overlap in large systems. F.e a system running at 250 HZ with 1024 processors will have 4 vm updates occurring at once. However, the vm stats update only accesses per node information. It is only necessary to stagger the vm statistics updates per processor in each node. Vm counter updates occurring on distant nodes will not cause cacheline contention. We could implement an alternate approach that runs the first processor on each node at the second and then each of the other processor on a node on a subsequent tick. That may be useful to keep a large amount of the second free of timer activity. Maybe the timer folks will have some feedback on this one? [jirislaby@gmail.com: add missing break] Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:12 +00:00
long cpu = (long)hcpu;
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
switch (action) {
vmstat: use our own timer events vmstat is currently using the cache reaper to periodically bring the statistics up to date. The cache reaper does only exists in SLUB as a way to provide compatibility with SLAB. This patch removes the vmstat calls from the slab allocators and provides its own handling. The advantage is also that we can use a different frequency for the updates. Refreshing vm stats is a pretty fast job so we can run this every second and stagger this by only one tick. This will lead to some overlap in large systems. F.e a system running at 250 HZ with 1024 processors will have 4 vm updates occurring at once. However, the vm stats update only accesses per node information. It is only necessary to stagger the vm statistics updates per processor in each node. Vm counter updates occurring on distant nodes will not cause cacheline contention. We could implement an alternate approach that runs the first processor on each node at the second and then each of the other processor on a node on a subsequent tick. That may be useful to keep a large amount of the second free of timer activity. Maybe the timer folks will have some feedback on this one? [jirislaby@gmail.com: add missing break] Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:12 +00:00
case CPU_ONLINE:
case CPU_ONLINE_FROZEN:
start_cpu_timer(cpu);
break;
case CPU_DOWN_PREPARE:
case CPU_DOWN_PREPARE_FROZEN:
cancel_rearming_delayed_work(&per_cpu(vmstat_work, cpu));
per_cpu(vmstat_work, cpu).work.func = NULL;
break;
case CPU_DOWN_FAILED:
case CPU_DOWN_FAILED_FROZEN:
start_cpu_timer(cpu);
break;
case CPU_DEAD:
case CPU_DEAD_FROZEN:
refresh_zone_stat_thresholds();
break;
default:
break;
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
}
return NOTIFY_OK;
}
static struct notifier_block __cpuinitdata vmstat_notifier =
{ &vmstat_cpuup_callback, NULL, 0 };
static int __init setup_vmstat(void)
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
{
vmstat: use our own timer events vmstat is currently using the cache reaper to periodically bring the statistics up to date. The cache reaper does only exists in SLUB as a way to provide compatibility with SLAB. This patch removes the vmstat calls from the slab allocators and provides its own handling. The advantage is also that we can use a different frequency for the updates. Refreshing vm stats is a pretty fast job so we can run this every second and stagger this by only one tick. This will lead to some overlap in large systems. F.e a system running at 250 HZ with 1024 processors will have 4 vm updates occurring at once. However, the vm stats update only accesses per node information. It is only necessary to stagger the vm statistics updates per processor in each node. Vm counter updates occurring on distant nodes will not cause cacheline contention. We could implement an alternate approach that runs the first processor on each node at the second and then each of the other processor on a node on a subsequent tick. That may be useful to keep a large amount of the second free of timer activity. Maybe the timer folks will have some feedback on this one? [jirislaby@gmail.com: add missing break] Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:12 +00:00
int cpu;
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
refresh_zone_stat_thresholds();
register_cpu_notifier(&vmstat_notifier);
vmstat: use our own timer events vmstat is currently using the cache reaper to periodically bring the statistics up to date. The cache reaper does only exists in SLUB as a way to provide compatibility with SLAB. This patch removes the vmstat calls from the slab allocators and provides its own handling. The advantage is also that we can use a different frequency for the updates. Refreshing vm stats is a pretty fast job so we can run this every second and stagger this by only one tick. This will lead to some overlap in large systems. F.e a system running at 250 HZ with 1024 processors will have 4 vm updates occurring at once. However, the vm stats update only accesses per node information. It is only necessary to stagger the vm statistics updates per processor in each node. Vm counter updates occurring on distant nodes will not cause cacheline contention. We could implement an alternate approach that runs the first processor on each node at the second and then each of the other processor on a node on a subsequent tick. That may be useful to keep a large amount of the second free of timer activity. Maybe the timer folks will have some feedback on this one? [jirislaby@gmail.com: add missing break] Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-09 09:35:12 +00:00
for_each_online_cpu(cpu)
start_cpu_timer(cpu);
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32. This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and the sizes of the zones in the system. With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch). However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher values for larger systems. But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems. The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy approximation. Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM) The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the pte locks is not a factor): X MIN TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552 fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200 fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976 fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412 fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560 fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652 fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863 So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention becomes a factor. Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit: fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204 fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788 fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632 fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576 fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584 fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523 Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third. 256 still has a slight bit of contention. After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces contention significantly: fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708 fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496 fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480 fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044 [akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix] Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-09-01 04:27:35 +00:00
return 0;
}
module_init(setup_vmstat)
#endif