2007-05-06 21:49:50 +00:00
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/*
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* Quicklist support.
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*
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* Quicklists are light weight lists of pages that have a defined state
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* on alloc and free. Pages must be in the quicklist specific defined state
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* (zero by default) when the page is freed. It seems that the initial idea
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* for such lists first came from Dave Miller and then various other people
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* improved on it.
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*
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* Copyright (C) 2007 SGI,
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* Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
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* Generalized, added support for multiple lists and
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* constructors / destructors.
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*/
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#include <linux/kernel.h>
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include cleanup: Update gfp.h and slab.h includes to prepare for breaking implicit slab.h inclusion from percpu.h
percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.
percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.
http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py
The script does the followings.
* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used,
gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.
* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains
core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
doesn't seem to be any matching order.
* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
file.
The conversion was done in the following steps.
1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400
files.
2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion,
some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added
inclusions to around 150 files.
3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.
4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.
5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h
inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each
slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
necessary.
6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.
7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).
* x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
* powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
* sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
* ia64 SMP allmodconfig
* s390 SMP allmodconfig
* alpha SMP allmodconfig
* um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig
8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
a separate patch and serve as bisection point.
Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
2010-03-24 08:04:11 +00:00
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#include <linux/gfp.h>
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2007-05-06 21:49:50 +00:00
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#include <linux/mm.h>
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#include <linux/mmzone.h>
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#include <linux/module.h>
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#include <linux/quicklist.h>
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2009-06-24 06:13:45 +00:00
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DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct quicklist [CONFIG_NR_QUICK], quicklist);
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2007-05-06 21:49:50 +00:00
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#define FRACTION_OF_NODE_MEM 16
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static unsigned long max_pages(unsigned long min_pages)
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{
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unsigned long node_free_pages, max;
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mm: size of quicklists shouldn't be proportional to the number of CPUs
Quicklists store pages for each CPU as caches. (Each CPU can cache
node_free_pages/16 pages)
It is used for page table cache. exit() will increase the cache size,
while fork() consumes it.
So for example if an apache-style application runs (one parent and many
child model), one CPU process will fork() while another CPU will process
the middleware work and exit().
At that time, the CPU on which the parent runs doesn't have page table
cache at all. Others (on which children runs) have maximum caches.
QList_max = (#ofCPUs - 1) x Free / 16
=> QList_max / (Free + QList_max) = (#ofCPUs - 1) / (16 + #ofCPUs - 1)
So, How much quicklist memory is used in the maximum case?
This is proposional to # of CPUs because the limit of per cpu quicklist
cache doesn't see the number of cpus.
Above calculation mean
Number of CPUs per node 2 4 8 16
============================== ====================
QList_max / (Free + QList_max) 5.8% 16% 30% 48%
Wow! Quicklist can spend about 50% memory at worst case.
My demonstration program is here
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#define BUFFSIZE 512
int max_cpu(void) /* get max number of logical cpus from /proc/cpuinfo */
{
FILE *fd;
char *ret, buffer[BUFFSIZE];
int cpu = 1;
fd = fopen("/proc/cpuinfo", "r");
if (fd == NULL) {
perror("fopen(/proc/cpuinfo)");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
while (1) {
ret = fgets(buffer, BUFFSIZE, fd);
if (ret == NULL)
break;
if (!strncmp(buffer, "processor", 9))
cpu = atoi(strchr(buffer, ':') + 2);
}
fclose(fd);
return cpu;
}
void cpu_bind(int cpu) /* bind current process to one cpu */
{
cpu_set_t mask;
int ret;
CPU_ZERO(&mask);
CPU_SET(cpu, &mask);
ret = sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(mask), &mask);
if (ret == -1) {
perror("sched_setaffinity()");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sched_yield(); /* not necessary */
}
#define MMAP_SIZE (10 * 1024 * 1024) /* 10 MB */
#define FORK_INTERVAL 1 /* 1 second */
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int cpu_max, nextcpu;
long pagesize;
pid_t pid;
/* set max number of logical cpu */
if (argc > 1)
cpu_max = atoi(argv[1]) - 1;
else
cpu_max = max_cpu();
/* get the page size */
pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
if (pagesize == -1) {
perror("sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* prepare parent process */
cpu_bind(0);
nextcpu = cpu_max;
loop:
/* select destination cpu for child process by round-robin rule */
if (++nextcpu > cpu_max)
nextcpu = 1;
pid = fork();
if (pid == 0) { /* child action */
char *p;
int i;
/* consume page tables */
p = mmap(0, MMAP_SIZE, PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, 0, 0);
i = MMAP_SIZE / pagesize;
while (i-- > 0) {
*p = 1;
p += pagesize;
}
/* move to other cpu */
cpu_bind(nextcpu);
/*
printf("a child moved to cpu%d after mmap().\n", nextcpu);
fflush(stdout);
*/
/* back page tables to pgtable_quicklist */
exit(0);
} else if (pid > 0) { /* parent action */
sleep(FORK_INTERVAL);
waitpid(pid, NULL, WNOHANG);
}
goto loop;
}
----------------------------------------
When above program which does task migration runs, my 8GB box spends
800MB of memory for quicklist. This is not memory leak but doesn't seem
good.
% cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 7701568 kB
MemFree: 4724672 kB
(snip)
Quicklists: 844800 kB
because
- My machine spec is
number of numa node: 2
number of cpus: 8 (4CPU x2 node)
total mem: 8GB (4GB x2 node)
free mem: about 5GB
- Then, 4.7GB x 16% ~= 880MB.
So, Quicklist can use 800MB.
So, if following spec machine run that program
CPUs: 64 (8cpu x 8node)
Mem: 1TB (128GB x8node)
Then, quicklist can waste 300GB (= 1TB x 30%). It is too large.
So, I don't like cache policies which is proportional to # of cpus.
My patch changes the number of caches
from:
per-cpu-cache-amount = memory_on_node / 16
to
per-cpu-cache-amount = memory_on_node / 16 / number_of_cpus_on_node.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Keiichiro Tokunaga <tokunaga.keiich@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Tested-by: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Acked-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-09-02 21:35:58 +00:00
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int node = numa_node_id();
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struct zone *zones = NODE_DATA(node)->node_zones;
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int num_cpus_on_node;
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2008-01-14 08:55:14 +00:00
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node_free_pages =
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#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA
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zone_page_state(&zones[ZONE_DMA], NR_FREE_PAGES) +
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#endif
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#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32
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zone_page_state(&zones[ZONE_DMA32], NR_FREE_PAGES) +
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#endif
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zone_page_state(&zones[ZONE_NORMAL], NR_FREE_PAGES);
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2007-05-06 21:49:50 +00:00
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max = node_free_pages / FRACTION_OF_NODE_MEM;
|
mm: size of quicklists shouldn't be proportional to the number of CPUs
Quicklists store pages for each CPU as caches. (Each CPU can cache
node_free_pages/16 pages)
It is used for page table cache. exit() will increase the cache size,
while fork() consumes it.
So for example if an apache-style application runs (one parent and many
child model), one CPU process will fork() while another CPU will process
the middleware work and exit().
At that time, the CPU on which the parent runs doesn't have page table
cache at all. Others (on which children runs) have maximum caches.
QList_max = (#ofCPUs - 1) x Free / 16
=> QList_max / (Free + QList_max) = (#ofCPUs - 1) / (16 + #ofCPUs - 1)
So, How much quicklist memory is used in the maximum case?
This is proposional to # of CPUs because the limit of per cpu quicklist
cache doesn't see the number of cpus.
Above calculation mean
Number of CPUs per node 2 4 8 16
============================== ====================
QList_max / (Free + QList_max) 5.8% 16% 30% 48%
Wow! Quicklist can spend about 50% memory at worst case.
My demonstration program is here
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#define BUFFSIZE 512
int max_cpu(void) /* get max number of logical cpus from /proc/cpuinfo */
{
FILE *fd;
char *ret, buffer[BUFFSIZE];
int cpu = 1;
fd = fopen("/proc/cpuinfo", "r");
if (fd == NULL) {
perror("fopen(/proc/cpuinfo)");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
while (1) {
ret = fgets(buffer, BUFFSIZE, fd);
if (ret == NULL)
break;
if (!strncmp(buffer, "processor", 9))
cpu = atoi(strchr(buffer, ':') + 2);
}
fclose(fd);
return cpu;
}
void cpu_bind(int cpu) /* bind current process to one cpu */
{
cpu_set_t mask;
int ret;
CPU_ZERO(&mask);
CPU_SET(cpu, &mask);
ret = sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(mask), &mask);
if (ret == -1) {
perror("sched_setaffinity()");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sched_yield(); /* not necessary */
}
#define MMAP_SIZE (10 * 1024 * 1024) /* 10 MB */
#define FORK_INTERVAL 1 /* 1 second */
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int cpu_max, nextcpu;
long pagesize;
pid_t pid;
/* set max number of logical cpu */
if (argc > 1)
cpu_max = atoi(argv[1]) - 1;
else
cpu_max = max_cpu();
/* get the page size */
pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
if (pagesize == -1) {
perror("sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* prepare parent process */
cpu_bind(0);
nextcpu = cpu_max;
loop:
/* select destination cpu for child process by round-robin rule */
if (++nextcpu > cpu_max)
nextcpu = 1;
pid = fork();
if (pid == 0) { /* child action */
char *p;
int i;
/* consume page tables */
p = mmap(0, MMAP_SIZE, PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, 0, 0);
i = MMAP_SIZE / pagesize;
while (i-- > 0) {
*p = 1;
p += pagesize;
}
/* move to other cpu */
cpu_bind(nextcpu);
/*
printf("a child moved to cpu%d after mmap().\n", nextcpu);
fflush(stdout);
*/
/* back page tables to pgtable_quicklist */
exit(0);
} else if (pid > 0) { /* parent action */
sleep(FORK_INTERVAL);
waitpid(pid, NULL, WNOHANG);
}
goto loop;
}
----------------------------------------
When above program which does task migration runs, my 8GB box spends
800MB of memory for quicklist. This is not memory leak but doesn't seem
good.
% cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 7701568 kB
MemFree: 4724672 kB
(snip)
Quicklists: 844800 kB
because
- My machine spec is
number of numa node: 2
number of cpus: 8 (4CPU x2 node)
total mem: 8GB (4GB x2 node)
free mem: about 5GB
- Then, 4.7GB x 16% ~= 880MB.
So, Quicklist can use 800MB.
So, if following spec machine run that program
CPUs: 64 (8cpu x 8node)
Mem: 1TB (128GB x8node)
Then, quicklist can waste 300GB (= 1TB x 30%). It is too large.
So, I don't like cache policies which is proportional to # of cpus.
My patch changes the number of caches
from:
per-cpu-cache-amount = memory_on_node / 16
to
per-cpu-cache-amount = memory_on_node / 16 / number_of_cpus_on_node.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Keiichiro Tokunaga <tokunaga.keiich@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Tested-by: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Acked-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-09-02 21:35:58 +00:00
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2009-09-24 15:34:52 +00:00
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num_cpus_on_node = cpumask_weight(cpumask_of_node(node));
|
mm: size of quicklists shouldn't be proportional to the number of CPUs
Quicklists store pages for each CPU as caches. (Each CPU can cache
node_free_pages/16 pages)
It is used for page table cache. exit() will increase the cache size,
while fork() consumes it.
So for example if an apache-style application runs (one parent and many
child model), one CPU process will fork() while another CPU will process
the middleware work and exit().
At that time, the CPU on which the parent runs doesn't have page table
cache at all. Others (on which children runs) have maximum caches.
QList_max = (#ofCPUs - 1) x Free / 16
=> QList_max / (Free + QList_max) = (#ofCPUs - 1) / (16 + #ofCPUs - 1)
So, How much quicklist memory is used in the maximum case?
This is proposional to # of CPUs because the limit of per cpu quicklist
cache doesn't see the number of cpus.
Above calculation mean
Number of CPUs per node 2 4 8 16
============================== ====================
QList_max / (Free + QList_max) 5.8% 16% 30% 48%
Wow! Quicklist can spend about 50% memory at worst case.
My demonstration program is here
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#define BUFFSIZE 512
int max_cpu(void) /* get max number of logical cpus from /proc/cpuinfo */
{
FILE *fd;
char *ret, buffer[BUFFSIZE];
int cpu = 1;
fd = fopen("/proc/cpuinfo", "r");
if (fd == NULL) {
perror("fopen(/proc/cpuinfo)");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
while (1) {
ret = fgets(buffer, BUFFSIZE, fd);
if (ret == NULL)
break;
if (!strncmp(buffer, "processor", 9))
cpu = atoi(strchr(buffer, ':') + 2);
}
fclose(fd);
return cpu;
}
void cpu_bind(int cpu) /* bind current process to one cpu */
{
cpu_set_t mask;
int ret;
CPU_ZERO(&mask);
CPU_SET(cpu, &mask);
ret = sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(mask), &mask);
if (ret == -1) {
perror("sched_setaffinity()");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sched_yield(); /* not necessary */
}
#define MMAP_SIZE (10 * 1024 * 1024) /* 10 MB */
#define FORK_INTERVAL 1 /* 1 second */
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int cpu_max, nextcpu;
long pagesize;
pid_t pid;
/* set max number of logical cpu */
if (argc > 1)
cpu_max = atoi(argv[1]) - 1;
else
cpu_max = max_cpu();
/* get the page size */
pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
if (pagesize == -1) {
perror("sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* prepare parent process */
cpu_bind(0);
nextcpu = cpu_max;
loop:
/* select destination cpu for child process by round-robin rule */
if (++nextcpu > cpu_max)
nextcpu = 1;
pid = fork();
if (pid == 0) { /* child action */
char *p;
int i;
/* consume page tables */
p = mmap(0, MMAP_SIZE, PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, 0, 0);
i = MMAP_SIZE / pagesize;
while (i-- > 0) {
*p = 1;
p += pagesize;
}
/* move to other cpu */
cpu_bind(nextcpu);
/*
printf("a child moved to cpu%d after mmap().\n", nextcpu);
fflush(stdout);
*/
/* back page tables to pgtable_quicklist */
exit(0);
} else if (pid > 0) { /* parent action */
sleep(FORK_INTERVAL);
waitpid(pid, NULL, WNOHANG);
}
goto loop;
}
----------------------------------------
When above program which does task migration runs, my 8GB box spends
800MB of memory for quicklist. This is not memory leak but doesn't seem
good.
% cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 7701568 kB
MemFree: 4724672 kB
(snip)
Quicklists: 844800 kB
because
- My machine spec is
number of numa node: 2
number of cpus: 8 (4CPU x2 node)
total mem: 8GB (4GB x2 node)
free mem: about 5GB
- Then, 4.7GB x 16% ~= 880MB.
So, Quicklist can use 800MB.
So, if following spec machine run that program
CPUs: 64 (8cpu x 8node)
Mem: 1TB (128GB x8node)
Then, quicklist can waste 300GB (= 1TB x 30%). It is too large.
So, I don't like cache policies which is proportional to # of cpus.
My patch changes the number of caches
from:
per-cpu-cache-amount = memory_on_node / 16
to
per-cpu-cache-amount = memory_on_node / 16 / number_of_cpus_on_node.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Keiichiro Tokunaga <tokunaga.keiich@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Tested-by: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Acked-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-09-02 21:35:58 +00:00
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max /= num_cpus_on_node;
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2007-05-06 21:49:50 +00:00
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return max(max, min_pages);
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}
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static long min_pages_to_free(struct quicklist *q,
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unsigned long min_pages, long max_free)
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{
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long pages_to_free;
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pages_to_free = q->nr_pages - max_pages(min_pages);
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return min(pages_to_free, max_free);
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}
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/*
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* Trim down the number of pages in the quicklist
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*/
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void quicklist_trim(int nr, void (*dtor)(void *),
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unsigned long min_pages, unsigned long max_free)
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{
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long pages_to_free;
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struct quicklist *q;
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q = &get_cpu_var(quicklist)[nr];
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if (q->nr_pages > min_pages) {
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pages_to_free = min_pages_to_free(q, min_pages, max_free);
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while (pages_to_free > 0) {
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/*
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* We pass a gfp_t of 0 to quicklist_alloc here
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* because we will never call into the page allocator.
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*/
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void *p = quicklist_alloc(nr, 0, NULL);
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if (dtor)
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dtor(p);
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free_page((unsigned long)p);
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pages_to_free--;
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}
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
put_cpu_var(quicklist);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
unsigned long quicklist_total_size(void)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
unsigned long count = 0;
|
|
|
|
int cpu;
|
|
|
|
struct quicklist *ql, *q;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
|
|
|
|
ql = per_cpu(quicklist, cpu);
|
|
|
|
for (q = ql; q < ql + CONFIG_NR_QUICK; q++)
|
|
|
|
count += q->nr_pages;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
return count;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|